AI 中文总结
本文提出一种可解析量子传感器灵敏度、精度、鲁棒性的机制误差预算框架，通过开放系统模拟实现多指标归因，为按需设计量子传感器提供依据。
AI 中文摘要
量子传感器的核心指标是 headline 灵敏度，但实际应用还要求具备精度与可靠性。目前虽已知某一指标的主要限制因素，但尚无方法解析相互作用机制如何组合为各指标的带符号、分机制预算。本文提出一种框架，可通过一次开放系统模拟计算传感器的灵敏度、精度与鲁棒性，并将各指标归因于其限制机制。对于氮空位金刚石系综，各指标的归因结果呈反转状态：退相限制灵敏度，热基态偏移限制精度，光泄漏限制鲁棒性。在灵敏度相同的情况下，恢复场偏差范围为8至1500nT，仅调谐灵敏度可能导致精度目标偏差达两个数量级。该模型同样可应用于记录人体心磁图的铯光泵磁力计，作为数字孪生体预测解决各限制因素的增益，从而可针对所需指标设计传感器。
英文摘要
Quantum sensors are specified by a headline sensitivity, yet applications also demand accuracy and reliability. The dominant limiter of one metric is often known, but no method resolves how interacting mechanisms combine into a signed, per-mechanism budget for each metric. We introduce a framework that computes a sensor's sensitivity, accuracy, and robustness from one open-system simulation and attributes each to its limiting mechanism. For a nitrogen-vacancy diamond ensemble the attribution inverts across metrics: dephasing limits sensitivity, the thermal ground-state shift limits accuracy, and optical leakage limits robustness. At identical sensitivity the recovered-field bias spans $8$ to $1500$\,nT, so tuning to sensitivity alone can miss the accuracy target by two orders of magnitude. The same modeling transfers to a cesium optically pumped magnetometer recording a human magnetocardiogram. As a digital twin, it predicts the gain from addressing each limiter, so sensors can be designed to the required metrics.
