AI 中文总结
该研究针对风力机附着流非定常空气动力学，将其转化为BEM、LL、AL方法的气动力系数，经案例验证可提升计算精度，明确了关键建模选择与误差来源。
AI 中文摘要
附着流非定常空气动力学是风力机空气动力学及气动弹性代码中动态失速模型的基础，尤其在主导功率产生与载荷的叶片外侧区域。本文中，攻角与相对速度变化，但流场基本保持附着状态。完整的工程模型结合翼型极曲线查询、脱落尾迹记忆、非环量载荷、一致力定义及分离流动力学。尽管基础理论是经典的，但现有描述未为风力机求解器中的这些附着流贡献提供完整且内部一致的实现路径。本研究将附着流贡献表述为叶素动量（BEM）、升力线（LL）及致动线（AL）方法的升力、阻力与力矩系数，可搭配测量或CFD得到的二维翼型极曲线使用。从经典非定常薄翼型理论出发，以系数形式推导环量与非环量载荷，并阐明关键建模选择；脱落尾迹记忆以下洗速度而非攻角作为空气动力学状态变量。通过两个案例验证转子级实现：锥形直叶片案例提供跨方法基准，量化省略三项必要贡献导致的推力与功率误差，其中升力方向投影对功率影响最大，省略弦长中点的沉浮加速度项会消除非环量法向力抵消并产生推力误差；零来流垂直轴风力机（VAWT）案例验证，在理想薄翼型极限下，所有环量与非环量贡献抵消，总转子扭矩为零。
英文摘要
Attached-flow unsteady aerodynamics underpin the dynamic stall models used in wind turbine aerodynamic and aeroelastic codes, particularly over the outboard blade region that dominates power production and loading. Here, angle of attack and relative velocity vary while the flow remains predominantly attached. A complete engineering model combines airfoil polar lookup, shed-wake memory, non-circulatory loads, consistent force definitions, and separated-flow dynamics. Although the underlying theory is classical, existing descriptions do not provide a complete and internally consistent implementation route for these attached-flow contributions in wind turbine solvers. This work formulates the attached-flow contributions as lift, drag, and moment coefficients for blade-element momentum (BEM), lifting-line (LL), and actuator-line (AL) methods, for use with 2-D airfoil polars from measurements or CFD. Starting from classical unsteady thin-airfoil theory, circulatory and non-circulatory loads are derived in coefficient form and key modeling choices are clarified. Shed-wake memory is formulated using downwash velocity rather than angle of attack as the aerodynamic state variable. Rotor-level implementation is verified using two cases. A coned straight-blade case provides a cross-method benchmark and quantifies thrust and power errors caused by omitting three required contributions. Lift-direction projection has the largest influence on power, while omitting the mid-chord heaving-acceleration term removes the non-circulatory normal-force cancellation and produces a thrust error. A zero-onset-flow vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) case verifies that, in the ideal thin-airfoil limit, all circulatory and non-circulatory contributions cancel, yielding zero total rotor torque.
