AI 中文总结
该研究针对DUNE远探测器光子模拟的高计算成本问题，基于Opticks实现10千吨级GPU加速光学光子模拟，验证了其加速效果与保真度，并集成至DUNE软件栈，为相关研究提供可行方案。
AI 中文摘要
光学光子模拟是复杂大型探测器几何结构中计算量最大的任务之一。在深地下中微子实验（DUNE）中，远探测器模块的规模使得使用GEANT4逐光子传输在CPU上的成本高得难以承受。我们首次实现了基于Opticks的10千吨级GPU加速光学光子模拟，并将其应用于DUNE远探测器水平漂移（FD-HD）几何结构，同时开展了性能评估。在完整的FD-HD几何结构上，Opticks传播的光子与GEANT4完全一致，相较于单线程GEANT4实现了313±3倍的加速，相较于四线程GEANT4实现了83±1倍的加速，且在所有考量的指标上均通过了与参考GEANT4模拟的验证。我们进一步将Opticks集成到基于LArSoft的DUNE软件栈中。在GPU上模拟的光子具备与GEANT4等效的物理过程，保留了完整的蒙特卡洛保真度，其计算成本使得千吨级别的高统计量光学研究以及用于机器学习的标记数据集生成成为可能。
英文摘要
Optical photon simulation is among the most computationally demanding tasks in complex and large detector geometries. In the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), the scale of the far-detector modules makes photon-by-photon transport with \texttt{GEANT4} prohibitively expensive on CPUs. We present the first implementation and performance evaluation of GPU-accelerated optical photon simulation at the 10~kt scale, based on \texttt{Opticks} and applied to the DUNE far-detector horizontal-drift (FD-HD) geometry. On the full FD-HD geometry, \texttt{Opticks} propagates the same photons as \texttt{GEANT4} with a speedup of $313 \pm 3$ over single-threaded and $83 \pm 1$ over four-thread \texttt{GEANT4}, and is validated against the reference \texttt{GEANT4} simulation across all metrics considered. We further integrate \texttt{Opticks} into the \texttt{LArSoft}-based DUNE software stack. Photons simulated on the GPU with \texttt{GEANT4}-equivalent physics retain full Monte Carlo fidelity at a computational cost that makes high-statistics optical studies and the generation of labeled datasets for machine learning feasible at the kiloton scale.
Comments10 pages,7 figures, 2 tables
