聚变技术用大型磁体结构：来自ITER的经验教训
Large Magnet Structures for Fusion Technology: Lessons from ITER
AI总结：
该研究基于ITER项目40年的大型磁体结构全流程经验，从制造组装、结构设计、减少支撑结构三个方面总结了聚变技术相关的经验教训，为未来大型磁体结构发展提供参考。
AI中文摘要：
在40年的时间里，ITER项目在大型磁体结构领域提供了诸多实例，涵盖从概念预研到设计、制造、交付再到组装的全流程，可为未来发展提供可借鉴的经验。本次报告分为三个部分：第一部分为“制造与组装磁体用大型（钢制）低温结构”，基于ITER线圈结构的经验，特别是中心螺线管（CS）和环向场（TF）结构，重点针对单重约50吨的大型316LN锻件，这类锻件需要高精度加工以及深度达0.3米的受控变形焊接。人们常提出新材料开发方案，这在实验室规模下容易实现，但往往无法转化为工业大规模应用，文中给出了相关实例，需考虑并解决的问题包括大规模质量（及缺陷修复）、连接、公差与组装。第二部分为“设计磁体用大型钢制支撑结构”，涉及结构设计规范与准则，以及现代分析方法，尤其是针对存在缺陷但可制造的结构，需考虑的要点包括循环载荷下厚部件的典型关键问题、部分熔透焊缝及其他不符合美国机械工程师协会（ASME）焊接规程的焊缝（包括角焊缝和/或无法通过无损检测（NDE）进行体积检测的焊缝）的分析，以及公差补偿（即采用加厚金属设计或垫片设计）。第三部分为“避免或减少磁体用大型钢制支撑结构”，展示了如何选择其他路径在磁体中纳入结构材料，例如（如ITER TF线圈中）采用板材容纳导体，或采用厚导体护套以至少与大型钢制壳体共同承担载荷。
英文摘要：
Over a period of 40 years, the ITER project has provided many examples in large magnet structures, from pre-concept to design to manufacture to delivery and assembly, from which lessons can be learned for the future. This presentation is divided into three parts. The first, 'Making and Assembling Large (steel) Cryogenic Structures for Magnets' is based on ITER Coil Structure experience, particularly the Central Solenoid (CS) and Toroidal Field (TF) structures and particularly on large 316LN forgings weighing about 50t individually, requiring then high accuracy machining and deep (up to 0.3m) welds with controlled distortion. New materials development is often proposed. This is easy on a laboratory scale, but often not transferable to an industrial large scale. Examples are provided. The issues to be considered (and solved) are large scale quality (and repair of defects), joining, tolerances and assembly. The second 'Designing Large Steel Support Structures for Magnets' is concerned with structural design codes & criteria, and modern analysis, especially of imperfect, but manufacturable structures. Points that are considered are typical critical issues with cyclically loaded thick components, analysis of partial penetration welds and other welds not permitted under normal American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) welding procedures (including fillet welds and/or those volumetrically not inspectable by Non-Destructive Examinations (NDE)) and allowing for tolerance compensation (i.e. designing with overmetal or designing for shimming). The third 'Avoiding or Reducing Large Steel Support Structures for Magnets' shows how it is possible to choose other routes to include structural materials in magnets, for example (as in ITER TF coils) by using plates to contain the conductor, or by using a thick conductor jacket to at least share the loads with massive steel cases.
