威尔士定居点名称中的地形特征

中文摘要 AI 辅助

地貌被赋予名称，但名称是否保留了超出宽泛地理结构的可测量环境信息却很少被检验。我们使用经过来源审核的24元素词汇框架、预先注册的特定结果模型以及地理结构化验证，分析了3757个威尔士定居点。核心对比是将带有高地地形元素（bryn或mynydd）的101个定居点，与带有低地地形元素（cwm或pant）的139个定居点进行比较。高地地形名称所在位置相对于其2公里范围内的环境高出24.4米（95%置信区间为10.8至38.1米；经Holm调整的p值为0.00137）。该关联在预先设定的1公里、2公里和5公里邻域定义中均保持正相关，且使用独立生成的高程来源可重复该结果（高出24.1米；95%置信区间为10.6至37.6米）。在非词汇空间与定居点基线模型中加入地形名称极性后，在10公里、25公里和50公里空间分块下，地理保留的均方误差分别降低了4.63%、6.22%和7.30%，不过改进程度因保留区域而异。与河流相关的名称提供了较弱但方向一致的证据，而预先注册的林地模型无法估计。残留的空间结构、未解析的名称语言以及缺乏独立的外部复制限制了解释。因此，选定的威尔士定居点名称类别保留了威尔士当前地形的可测量信息，但未确立个体词源、因果命名、历史环境记忆或对其他命名系统的可迁移性。

英文摘要

Landscapes are named, but whether names retain measurable environmental information beyond broad geographic structure is rarely tested. We analysed 3,757 Welsh settlements using a frozen, source-audited 24-element lexical framework, preregistered outcome-specific models and geographically structured validation. The central comparison contrasted 101 settlements carrying high-terrain elements (\textit{bryn} or \textit{mynydd}) with 139 carrying low-terrain elements (\textit{cwm} or \textit{pant}). High-terrain names occupied locations 24.4 m higher relative to their 2-km surroundings (95\% CI, 10.8--38.1 m; Holm-adjusted $p$ = 0.00137). The association remained positive across prespecified 1-, 2- and 5-km neighbourhood definitions and was reproduced using an independently produced elevation source (24.1 m; 95\% CI, 10.6--37.6 m). Adding terrain-name polarity to a non-lexical spatial and settlement baseline reduced geographically held-out mean squared error by 4.63\%, 6.22\% and 7.30\% under 10-, 25- and 50-km spatial blocking, respectively, although improvement varied among held-out regions. River-related names provided weaker, directionally consistent evidence, while the preregistered woodland model was non-estimable. Residual spatial structure, unresolved name language and the absence of independent external replication limit interpretation. Selected Welsh settlement-name categories therefore retain measurable information about present-day terrain within Wales, without establishing individual etymology, causal naming, historical environmental memory or transferability to other naming systems.

发表机构

• Cardiff University（卡迪夫大学）
• National Defence University（国防大学）
• Turkish Air Force Academy（土耳其空军学院）

机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。