原理的暗物质：暗物质范式中的原理
Dark Matters of Principle: Principles in the Dark Matter Paradigm
AI总结：
本文从物理原理视角重新审视暗物质问题，构建功能主义原理分类法并提出“基于原理的探究”策略，分析四种主流暗物质模型，证实相关主张并指出暗物质研究面临原理启发性动力耗尽的危机，需探索更激进的思路。
AI中文摘要：
本文从物理原理的视角重新审视暗物质（DM）问题。我们首先构建了一种功能主义的原理解释与分类法，提出依据原理的预期功能或目的来定义原理，其论证力可归结为因情境而异、通常带有试探性的理由，这些理由支撑人们相信原理足以实现相关目的。在需要探索新领域、突破知识边界的研究情境中，将动机充分的原理作为核心构建模块，是历史上普遍存在、自然且方法上审慎的研究策略，我们将其称为“基于原理的探究”。第二步，我们将这套方法工具应用于暗物质问题，通过对四种主流暗物质方法——超对称WIMPs、轴子、惰性中微子和原初黑洞——的详细分析，证实四项主张：（C1）暗物质范式由可能性框架构成，该框架受一组共同的引力与非引力物理的调节性原理和构成性原理所限定；（C2）除这些共同原理外，四种暗物质模型还以不同方式偏离了正统物理的其他原理；（C3）它们偏离的程度各异，对已确立的非引力物理的部分原理呈现出不同形式和程度的“最小修改”；（C4）基于原理的探究准则阐明了暗物质问题为何构成日益令人不安的危机：人们愈发担忧暗物质研究者长期且合理依赖的原理可能已耗尽启发性动力，“不放过任何可能性”的压力正不断增大（Bertone和Tait，2018），科学家应越来越多地探索与基于原理的探究的谨慎探索路径差异更显著的想法。
英文摘要：
This paper re-examines the Dark Matter (DM) problem through the lens of physical principles. We first develop a functionalist account and taxonomy of principles. We propose to define principles in terms of their intended functions or purposes. Their argumentative force boils down to context-sensitive and often tentative reasons for believing them adequate for those purposes. In research contexts in which novel theories or models are sought which push the boundaries of knowledge into new domains, reliance on well-motivated principles as principal building blocks is a historically widespread, natural, and methodologically prudent research strategy---what we'll dub "principled inquiry". In a second step, we apply this methodological machinery to the DM problem. Through detailed analyses of four mainstream DM approaches---supersymmetric WIMPs, axions, sterile neutrinos, and primordial black holes---we substantiate four claims. (C1) The DM paradigm is formed by the framework of possibilities, circumscribed by a shared cluster of regulative and constitutive principles of gravitational and non-gravitational physics. (C2) Besides those common principles, the four DM models also depart from other principles of orthodox physics in distinct ways. (C3) They do so to different degrees---displaying different forms and extents of "minimal mutilation" with respect to some of the principles of established non-gravitational physics. (C4) The guidelines of principled inquiry clarify the sense in which the DM problem constitutes an ever-more disconcerting crisis: worries are growing that the principles on which DM researchers have routinely and rationally relied may have run out of heuristic steam. Pressure is mounting to "leave no stone unturned" (Bertone and Tait 2018): scientists ought to increasingly explore ideas that stray more radically from the cautious explorations of principled inquiry.
