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arXiv 2608.25672math.AP

具自由边界与径向对称性的高维单稳反应-扩散方程

The high dimensional monostable reaction-diffusion equation with free boundary and radial symmetry

Hongkai Cao, Jingyi Cui, Chengzhe Tang, Xiaoyan Zhang

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中文总结 AI 辅助

本文研究具自由边界的高维径向对称单稳反应-扩散方程,建立含扩散、过渡、消失的三分法,证明扩散情形解收敛并揭示对数偏移,关联对应 Cauchy 问题的扩散行为。

中文摘要 AI 辅助

本文研究径向对称形式的反应-扩散方程 $u_t-d\Delta u=f(u)$,其含单稳非线性项 $f$,作为种群扩散的模型,种群范围为 $r<h(t)$,密度为 $u(t,r)$($r=|x|$),自由边界 $r=h(t)$ 满足 $u(t,h(t))=\delta>0$ 及 $h'(t)=-d u_r(t,h(t))/\delta$。针对一维情形($N=1$),Du 已证明当 $\delta\in(0,1)$ 时发生扩散:$u$ 在 $\mathbb{R}$ 内局部一致趋于1,$h(t)$ 趋于无穷,且 $\lim_{t\to\infty}[h(t)-c_*t]=\tilde{h}\in\mathbb{R}$,无对数偏移。本文考虑 $N\ge2$,建立完整三分法:$\delta\in(0,1)$ 时为扩散;$\delta=1$ 时为过渡,即 $u$ 在 $[0,h(t)]$ 上一致趋于1,$h(t)$ 趋于有限值 $h_\infty\in(0,\infty)$;$\delta>1$ 时为消失,即 $h(t)$ 趋于0,$u$ 在 $[0,h(t)]$ 上一致趋于 $\delta$。对扩散情形,通过构造精确上下解,证明解全局收敛到半波剖面,并揭示对数偏移形式 $\lim_{t\to\infty}\big[h(t)-c_*t+c_N(\delta)\log t\big]=\hat{h}\in\mathbb{R}$,其中系数 $c_N(\delta)>0$ 满足 $\lim_{\delta\to0}c_N(\delta)=d(N-1)/c_0$,$d(N-1)/c_0$ 是高维径向推进型 Cauchy 问题的偏移系数。这些结果揭示了其与对应 Cauchy 问题所建模的扩散行为的关联。

英文摘要

We consider the radially symmetric version of the reaction-diffusion equation $u_t-dΔu=f(u)$ with a monostable nonlinearity $f$, viewed as a model for the spreading of a species with population range $r<h(t)$ and density $u(t,r)$ ($r=|x|$), where the free boundary $r=h(t)$ is governed by $u(t,h(t))=δ>0$ and $h'(t)=-d u_r(t,h(t))/δ$. For the one-dimensional case ($N=1$), Du \cite{DN} proved that when $δ\in(0,1)$, spreading occurs: $u\to1$ locally uniformly in $\mathbb{R}$, $h(t)\to\infty$, and $\lim_{t\to\infty}[h(t)-c_*t]=\tilde{h}\in\mathbb{R}$ with no logarithmic shift. In the present paper we consider $N\ge2$ and establish a complete trichotomy: spreading for $δ\in(0,1)$; transition for $δ=1$, where $u\to1$ uniformly on $[0,h(t)]$ and $h(t)\to h_\infty\in(0,\infty)$; and vanishing for $δ>1$, where $h(t)\to0$ and $u\toδ$ uniformly on $[0,h(t)]$. For the spreading regime, by constructing sharp upper and lower solutions, we prove that the solution converges globally to the semi-wave profile and reveal a logarithmic shift of the form $ \lim_{t\to\infty}\big[h(t)-c_*t+c_N(δ)\log t\big]=\hat{h}\in\mathbb{R}$, with the coefficient $c_N(δ)>0$ satisfying $ \lim_{δ\to0}c_N(δ)=d(N-1)/c_0$, where $d(N-1)/c_0$ is the shift coefficient for the high-dimensional radial pushed-case Cauchy problem. These results reveal the connection to the spreading behavior modeled by the corresponding Cauchy problem.

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