网侧型逆变器资源的动态下垂规范
Dynamic droop specifications for Grid-Forming Inverter-Based Resources
AI总结：
本研究提出数据驱动的动态下垂模型，制定GFM IBRs的动态下垂规范，为频率控制辅助服务提供相关规范，可用于筛选IBR动态特性以识别潜在不良相互作用。
AI中文摘要：
同步发电机的大规模退役要求基于逆变器的资源（IBRs）具备额外能力，以确保电网的稳定性与可靠性。由于IBRs的控制方式存在异质性，了解其在电网中的行为尤为重要。本研究提出一种简单的、基于数据的动态模型，用于捕捉IBRs的小信号动态特性，并制定网侧型（GFM）IBRs的规范。该动态下垂模型是已被广泛研究的阻抗模型的补充，将稳态下垂系数的通用定义扩展为动态下垂系数，该系数可完整表征IBRs在额定工频以下（如次同步振荡）的小信号响应。我们提出动态下垂系数的增益和相位的边界，以编码GFM IBRs的最低要求，从而促进互操作性并最小化不良相互作用。所得规范也为如何将IBR认证为GFM这一备受争议的问题提供了一些见解。此外，我们还为频率控制辅助服务提供了动态下垂规范，例如，阐明并推广了IBR惯性响应的概念。最后，采用常见的网侧跟随型（GFL）和GFM控制方式以及原始设备制造商（OEM）模型来说明研究结果，并展示动态下垂系数作为筛选IBR动态特性以识别潜在不良相互作用的工具的用途。
英文摘要：
The large-scale retirement of synchronous generators requires additional capabilities from inverter-based resources (IBRs) to ensure the stability and reliability of power grids. With the heterogeneous controls of IBRs, it is especially important to understand their behavior on the grid. This work proposes a simple data-enabled dynamic model to capture the small-signal dynamics of IBRs and formulate specifications for grid-forming (GFM) IBRs. The dynamic droop model is complementary to well-studied impedance models and extends the common definition of steady-state droop coefficients to dynamic droop coefficients that fully characterize the IBR small-signal response below the nominal line frequency (e.g., subsynchronous oscillations). We propose bounds on the gain and phase of the dynamic droop coefficients to encode minimum requirements for GFM IBRs to promote interoperability and minimize adverse interactions. The resulting specifications also provide some insights into the much-debated question of how to certify an IBR as GFM. Moreover, we also provide dynamic droop specifications for frequency control ancillary services that, e.g., clarify and generalize the notion of an IBR inertia response. Finally, common grid-following (GFL) and GFM controls as well as original equipment manufacturer (OEM) models are used to illustrate the results and showcase the use of dynamic droop coefficients as a tool to screen IBR dynamics for potential adverse interactions.
