AI 中文总结
本文针对有限N个中间哈密顿量的猝灭-弛豫方案，确定了使耗散功最小的猝灭序列，将其应用于光阱和酶催化反应模型，获得了功提取下界并揭示了相关分布特性。
AI 中文摘要
从非平衡系统中提取功是生物、化学、物理及工程系统面临的重大挑战。理想化方案通常需要准静态弛豫阶段，在此阶段中哈密顿量通过一系列连续中间量逐步调整。本文考虑受限于有限数量N个中间哈密顿量的方案，该方案由一系列猝灭-弛豫步骤构成。我们确定了使耗散功最小的猝灭序列，该序列可表示为包含朗伯函数（Lambert function）的递推关系。最优序列收敛于费希尔-拉奥（Fisher-Rao）测地线，在N较大时达到已知的主导阶耗散界。我们获得了从非平衡分布中提取功的下界，该下界为非平衡分布与平衡态的费希尔-拉奥距离的函数。我们将该框架扩展并应用于两个简单模型：（i）光阱实验，表明即使对于单峰的初始和最终分布，最优中间分布也可以是双峰的；（ii）酶催化反应，表明除了耗散外还考虑弛豫时间有利于势垒降低。
英文摘要
Work extraction from nonequilibrium systems is a major challenge across biological, chemical, physical, and engineering systems. Idealized protocols generally require a quasistatic relaxation stage in which the Hamiltonian is gradually adjusted through a continuum of intermediaries. Here, we consider protocols restricted to a finite number $N$ of intermediary Hamiltonians, consisting of a sequence of quench-relax steps. We determine the sequence of quenches that minimizes the dissipated work, which can be expressed in terms of a recurrence involving the Lambert function. The optimal sequence converges to the Fisher-Rao geodesic, saturating known leading-order dissipation bounds at large $N$. We obtain lower bounds on work extraction from a nonequilibrium distribution as a function of its Fisher-Rao distance to equilibrium. We extend and apply the framework in two simple models: (i) an optical trap experiment, showing that the optimal intermediary distribution can be bimodal even for unimodal initial and final distributions, and (ii) an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, showing that that accounting for relaxation time in addition to dissipation can favor barrier-lowering.
Comments16 pages, 6 figures
