AI 中文总结
通过微观二维模拟研究发现，电耦合且温度不同的导体中，热噪声的独立局域源表示不再成立，远端电动势间的关联会导致约翰逊温度推断偏差。
AI 中文摘要
约翰逊-奈奎斯特（Johnson-Nyquist）理论通常将导体表示为一组独立的局域热噪声源，其强度由局域温度决定。对于维持在不同温度下的电耦合导体，这种局域噪声表示是否仍然有效，相关研究相对较少。我们通过对电容耦合导线中相互作用电荷载流子进行微观二维模拟来研究该问题。该模型可重现欧姆定律、平衡态约翰逊噪声，且当两根导线温度相同时，分离导线段间的关联消失。然而，当两根导线处于不同温度时，远端线段产生的电动势之间会形成有限关联，导致从局域噪声图像推断出的约翰逊温度出现系统性偏差。尽管微观粒子相互作用是短程的，且两根导线仅通过电容耦合相互作用，该效应依然存在。这些结果表明，热噪声的独立局域源表示在电耦合非平衡导体中可能不再有效。
英文摘要
The Johnson-Nyquist theory is commonly implemented by representing a conductor as a collection of independent local thermal-noise sources whose strength is determined by the local temperature. Whether this local-noise representation remains valid for electrically coupled conductors maintained at different temperatures has received comparatively little attention. We investigate this question by means of microscopic two-dimensional simulations of interacting charge carriers in conducting wires capacitively coupled. The model reproduces Ohm's law, the equilibrium Johnson noise, and vanishing correlations between detached wire segments when both wires are at the same temperature. However, when the wires are held at different temperatures, finite correlations develop between the electromotive forces generated in distant segments, leading to systematic deviations of the Johnson temperature inferred from the local-noise picture. The effect persists although the microscopic particle interactions are short-ranged and the two wires interact only through the capacitive coupling. These results suggest that the independent-local-source representation of thermal noise may not remain valid in electrically coupled nonequilibrium conductors.
