AI 中文总结
本研究构建了首个覆盖1 TeV至10 PeV的GPSP星图，基于GALPROP模型生成，可用于伽马射线衰减计算，还扩展至LIV场景，为银河PeV天文学研究提供了公开基础。
AI 中文摘要
银河PeV天文学的兴起使得光子-光子（γγ）吸收成为伽马射线数据分析中愈发重要的组成部分。本研究提出了银河光子存活概率（GPSP）星图，这是首个描述1 TeV至10 PeV全参数空间P(l,b,d,E_γ)内伽马射线存活概率的银河框架。该星图采用两种独立的基于GALPROP的星际辐射场（ISRF）模型构建，可直接评估与ISRF相关的系统误差，并以兼容标准分析框架的FITS格式发布。研究引入了一种新颖的伽马射线存活相空间表示法，将一维存活剖面扩展为二维能量-距离框架，用于可视化银河透明度和伽马射线视界。利用完整星图构建了银河透明度和银道面存活图，结果显示银河不透明度具有高度结构化特征：在约100-300 TeV范围内，沿旋臂切线方向的衰减增强；而在PeV能量附近，衰减几乎各向同性且受宇宙微波背景（CMB）主导。该框架可自然适配扩展源和弥散源的衰减计算。该星图还通过GPSP-LIV星图扩展至亚光速洛伦兹不变性破缺（LIV）场景，纳入了经LIV修正的对产生运动学和截面。研究识别出在伽马射线视界之外、2-3 PeV范围内发射的源是探测LIV效应的有前景目标，并给出了其在银心PeVatron和天鹅座X-3区域的实际应用案例。GPSP和GPSP-LIV星图为新兴的银河PeV天文学时代中银河PeVatron、弥散伽马射线发射及基础物理搜索研究奠定了公开可用的基础。
英文摘要
The emergence of Galactic PeV astronomy makes photon--photon ($γγ$) absorption an increasingly important component of gamma-ray data analysis. In this work, the Galactic Photon Survival Probability (GPSP) atlas is presented as the first Galactic framework describing gamma-ray survival probabilities over the full parameter space $P(l,b,d,E_γ)$ between 1 TeV and 10 PeV. The atlas is constructed using two independent GALPROP-based interstellar radiation field (ISRF) models, allowing direct assessment of ISRF-related systematics, and is released in a FITS format compatible with standard analysis frameworks. A novel gamma-ray survival phase space representation is introduced, extending 1D survival profiles into a 2D energy--distance framework that visualizes Galactic transparency and gamma-ray horizons. Using the full atlas, Galactic transparency and Galactic plane survival maps are constructed. These reveal that Galactic opacity is highly structured, with enhanced attenuation along spiral-arm tangent directions in the $\sim$100--300 TeV regime, while attenuation becomes nearly isotropic and cosmic microwave background (CMB) dominated near PeV energies. The framework naturally accommodates attenuation calculations for extended and diffuse sources. The atlas is further extended to subluminal Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) scenarios through the GPSP-LIV atlas, incorporating LIV-modified pair production kinematics and cross sections. Sources emitting in the 2--3 PeV regime beyond gamma-ray horizons are identified as promising targets for probing LIV effects. Finally, practical applications are presented for the Galactic Center PeVatron and the Cygnus X-3 regions. The GPSP and GPSP-LIV atlases establish a publicly available foundation for studies of Galactic PeVatrons, diffuse gamma-ray emission, and fundamental physics searches in the emerging era of Galactic PeV astronomy.
Comments29 pages, 15 figures. Published in The Astrophysical Journal (ApJ). Public release of the GPSP and GPSP-LIV atlases, including FITS data products and Python helper modules. Data available via Zenodo: https://zenodo.org/records/21403524. Documentation and example notebooks available at https://gpsp-atlas.readthedocs.io
Journal refE. O. Angüner 2026 ApJ 1008 61
