气候模式对比计划的能源与碳足迹
Energy and CO2 Footprint of Climate Model Intercomparison Projects
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文针对气候模式对比计划（MIPs），从CMIP6的事后碳核算演进至CMIP7的标准化核算，通过MareNostrum 5模拟评估不同核算边界的影响，提出MIPs能源与碳核算标准化的关键方法考量。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
地球系统模式（ESMs）高度依赖高性能计算（HPC）资源开展全球气候模拟。随着模式发展，其计算需求持续增长，驱动因素包括三点：（1）更精细的空间网格分辨率；（2）复杂生物地球化学过程的整合（如大气化学、动态植被、土地利用及冰盖）；（3）用于管理不确定性的更大规模气候集合。历史上，峰值计算性能（FLOP/s）的增长速度超过了能效（FLOP/Watt）的提升，导致高性能计算总功耗增加。尽管模式对比计划（MIPs）在气候研究中占据核心地位，但其计算与环境成本的量化工作却未得到足够系统的关注。本文研究了气候模式碳核算的演进：从耦合模式对比计划第6阶段（CMIP6）中自愿的事后估算，到新成立的CMIP7能源消耗任务团队下的标准化核算。通过在MareNostrum 5上开展高分辨率的Destination Earth模拟，我们实证评估了不同核算边界（运营边界、仅活跃边界及隐含碳边界）对报告的能源消耗、碳排放及财务成本的影响。最后，我们概述了模式对比计划（MIPs）能源与碳核算标准化的关键方法考量。
英文摘要
Earth System Models (ESMs) rely heavily on High-Performance Computing (HPC) resources to simulate global climate. As these models evolve, their computational demands continue to grow, driven by three factors: (1) finer spatial grid resolutions, (2) the integration of complex biogeochemical processes (e.g., atmospheric chemistry, interactive vegetation, land use, and ice sheets), and (3) larger climate ensembles to manage uncertainty. Historically, growth in peak computing performance (FLOP/s) has outpaced improvements in energy efficiency (FLOP/Watt), increasing total HPC power consumption. Despite the central role of Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) in climate research, quantifying their computational and environmental costs has received limited systematic attention. This paper examines the evolution of climate model carbon accounting from voluntary post-hoc estimation in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) to standardized accounting under the newly established CMIP7 Task Team on Energy Consumption. Using high-resolution Destination Earth simulations on MareNostrum 5, we empirically evaluate how different accounting boundaries (operational, active-only, and embodied carbon) impact reported energy, carbon emissions, and financial costs. Finally, we outline key methodological considerations for standardizing energy and carbon accounting for Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs).
