非平衡时间依赖态的涌现第二定律
Emergent Second Law for Time-Dependent Nonequilibrium States
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中文总结 AI 辅助
针对非自治开放系统，推导了约束时间依赖宏观涨落的涌现第二定律，将McLennan-Zubarev公式推广至弱非保守亲和性的非自治系统，并在双稳态系统中验证了结果。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
针对由宏观随机热力学描述的非自治开放系统，我们推导了一种涌现第二定律，该定律通过时间反演驱动方案下最概然演化过程中的熵产生，对时间依赖的宏观涨落进行约束。我们表明，该约束可被理解为涨落定理的宏观结果：该演化的时间反演为正向动力学下的一条可能涨落路径。在线性响应和慢驱动区域，该约束在一阶近似下成为等式，并将McLennan-Zubarev公式推广至具有弱非保守亲和性的非自治系统的时间依赖概率密度。我们在经历突然淬火和周期驱动的双稳态系统中验证了该结果。
英文摘要
For nonautonomous open systems described by macroscopic stochastic thermodynamics, we derive an emergent second law that constrains time-dependent macroscopic fluctuations by the entropy production along the most probable evolution under the time-reversed driving protocol. We show that this bound can be understood as a macroscopic consequence of the fluctuation theorem: the time reverse of this evolution provides a possible fluctuation path under the forward dynamics. In the linear-response and slow-driving regime, the bound becomes an equality to first order and generalizes the McLennan-Zubarev formula to the time-dependent probability density of nonautonomous systems with weak nonconservative affinities. We illustrate our results in a bistable system under sudden quenches and periodic driving.
