面向可靠量子计算的实用错误抑制与缓解方法
Practical Error Suppression and Mitigation for Reliable Quantum Computing
AI总结：
本综述针对量子计算 NISQ 向 FTQC 过渡阶段的硬件错误源，介绍实用错误抑制与缓解方法，探讨其适配编码量子比特的方式，以提升计算可靠性。
AI中文摘要：
量子计算正处于嘈杂中等规模量子（NISQ）处理与早期容错量子计算（FTQC）之间的过渡阶段，在此阶段，性能日益提升的硬件已开始支持重复的 syndrome 测量、部分错误校正及逻辑量子比特操作，而残留的物理和逻辑错误仍不可忽视。在该阶段，错误抑制、错误缓解与量子错误校正更应被视为统一错误减少策略的互补层，而非独立方法，各层在量子计算的不同阶段发挥作用以提升模拟可靠性。因此，本综述对当前 NISQ-FTQC 过渡阶段中主要的硬件错误源及对应的错误抑制与缓解方法提供了实用且具前瞻性的概述，涵盖硬件感知电路设计、相干错误抑制、读出缓解、噪声外推、经典推理及软件支持的工作流，特别强调其在实际量子处理器上的实现方式。我们进一步探讨错误缓解技术如何适配编码及逻辑量子比特场景，使其可与量子错误校正协同作用，以抑制残留逻辑错误并提升早期容错阶段的计算精度。
英文摘要：
Quantum computing is entering a transitional regime between noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processing and early fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC), in which increasingly capable hardware is beginning to support repeated syndrome measurements, partial error correction, and logical-qubit operations, while residual physical and logical errors remain non-negligible. In this regime, error suppression, error mitigation, and quantum error correction are increasingly better viewed as complementary layers of a unified error-reduction strategy rather than as separate approaches, with each acting at a different stage of the quantum computation to improve simulation reliability. Thus, in this review, we provide a practical and forward-looking overview of the principal hardware error sources and the corresponding error suppression and mitigation methods for reducing their impact across the current NISQ-FTQC transition. We discuss hardware-aware circuit design, coherent-error suppression, readout mitigation, noise extrapolation, classical inference, and software-supported workflows, with particular emphasis on their implementation on actual quantum processors. We further examine how error mitigation techniques can be adapted to encoded and logical-qubit settings so that they can operate alongside quantum error correction to suppress residual logical errors and improve the accuracy of computation in the early fault-tolerant regime.
