用于广延空气簇射实时无线电探测的双极化白化模板触发装置
A dual-polarization whitened-template trigger for real-time radio detection of extensive air showers
AI总结：
该研究提出一种基于16样本白化脉冲模板的双极化实时无线电触发装置，可高效抑制背景噪声，在广延空气簇射探测中实现高触发效率，且满足硬件资源与时序要求。
AI中文摘要：
自主无线电台需要第一级触发装置，该装置需在严格的硬件约束下抑制测量到的背景噪声，同时保留微弱的广延空气簇射脉冲。我们提出一种双极化触发装置，基于16样本白化脉冲模板，在皮埃尔·奥格工程无线电阵列（Auger Engineering Radio Array）站点的正交南北和东西通道上连续评估。该模板由探测器折叠的空气簇射脉冲推导而来，利用测量背景的协方差进行白化处理。两个极化方向的响应在固定时间半径内合并，并与校准阈值进行比较。在独立测试集上，该触发装置的效率达到0.97，95%置信区间为0.96至0.98，帧等效候选率为3.39 kHz。在相同工作点下，未白化的双极化模板效率为0.41，幅度触发装置效率为0.16；在每个已填充的信噪比区间内，效率至少保持0.94。对159.29毫秒连续测量背景的回放产生的得分簇率为6.64 kHz，低于下游模块71.4 kHz的容量。该现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）实现每个时钟接收一个双极化样本，在200 MHz下满足时序要求，使用2377个查找表、5330个寄存器和32个数字信号处理模块；寄存器传输级仿真对400条迹线与参考实现完全逐位一致。这些结果表明，背景协方差、脉冲形态和双极化一致性可结合成紧凑的实时无线电触发装置。
英文摘要：
Autonomous radio stations require a first-stage trigger that rejects measured background while preserving weak extensive-air-shower pulses under tight hardware constraints. We present a dual-polarization trigger based on a 16-sample whitened pulse template evaluated continuously on the orthogonal north-south and east-west channels of an Auger Engineering Radio Array station. The template is derived from detector-folded air-shower pulses and whitened using the covariance of measured background. Responses from both polarizations are combined within a fixed timing radius and compared with a calibrated threshold. On an independent test set, the trigger reaches an efficiency of 0.97, with a 95 percent confidence interval of 0.96 to 0.98, at a frame-equivalent candidate rate of 3.39 kHz. At the same operating point, an unwhitened dual-polarization template reaches 0.41 efficiency and an amplitude trigger reaches 0.16. Efficiency remains at least 0.94 in every populated signal-to-noise bin. Replay of 159.29 ms of continuous measured background yields a score-cluster rate of 6.64 kHz, below the 71.4 kHz capacity of the downstream module. The FPGA implementation accepts one dual-polarization sample per clock, closes timing at 200 MHz, and uses 2377 lookup tables, 5330 registers, and 32 digital signal-processing blocks. Register-transfer-level simulation agrees bit for bit with the reference implementation for 400 traces. These results show that background covariance, pulse morphology, and dual-polarization consistency can be combined in a compact real-time radio trigger.
