AI 中文总结
ADORA是面向SHERA的可微分光学建模与天体测量检索框架，通过结合三平面可微分物理光学模型与分层天体测量推断算法，在模拟中展现出对特定探测器校准误差的鲁棒性，为SHERA的相关研究提供了灵活框架。
AI 中文摘要
利用相对天体测量法搜寻宜居系外行星的SHERA是一项拟议的小型探测器任务概念，旨在以微角秒级精度测量邻近双星的间距。要恢复该信号，需将天体物理运动与指向、比例尺、波前误差、光谱响应及探测器校准的耦合变化分离开来。我们提出了天体测量可微分光学与检索算法（ADORA），这是一种图像域框架，将三平面可微分物理光学模型与分层天体测量推断算法相结合。正向模型包含衍射光瞳、特定反射镜的波前误差与光束偏移、多色源与吞吐量模型，以及可配置的探测器效应。每帧配准状态被局部处理，在通过Schur约减消除后，再在经先验白化的Fisher本征基中更新较慢的天体测量与仪器状态。5分钟匹配模型模拟显示，在当前蒙特卡洛深度下未检测到间距偏差，且实现间离散约为11微角秒。对SHERA目标的扫描显示，半人马座α星与61天鹅座之间的天体测量信息存在五倍以上的变化，这为未来依赖目标的累积与更新节奏提供了依据。高阶波前知识误差会使检索结果向严重偏差的天体测量解偏移，同时使局部后验标准差几乎不变，表明仅统计曲率无法捕获未建模偏差。在所测试范围内的像素位置误差始终接近匹配模型恢复尺度，表明其对某些探测器校准误差具有鲁棒性。ADORA为研究天体测量提取、校准偏差诊断及未来SHERA需求提供了灵活框架。
英文摘要
Searching for Habitable Exoplanets with Relative Astrometry (SHERA) is a proposed Small Explorer mission concept designed to measure the separation of nearby binary stars at microarcsecond-class precision. Recovering this signal requires separating astrophysical motion from coupled changes in pointing, plate scale, wavefront error, spectral response, and detector calibration. We present the Astrometric Differentiable Optics and Retrieval Algorithm (ADORA), an image-domain framework that combines a three-plane differentiable physical-optics model with a layered astrometric inference algorithm. The forward model includes a diffractive pupil, mirror-specific wavefront error and beamwalk, polychromatic source and throughput models, and configurable detector effects. Per-frame registration states are treated locally and eliminated through Schur reduction before the slower astrometric and instrument state is updated in a prior-whitened Fisher eigenbasis. Five-minute matched-model simulations show no detected separation bias at the current Monte Carlo depth and approximately 11 uas realization-to-realization scatter. A SHERA target sweep reveals a more-than-fivefold variation in astrometric information between Alpha Centauri and 61 Cygni, motivating future target-dependent accumulation and update cadence. High-order-wavefront knowledge error can drive the retrieval toward a strongly biased astrometric solution while leaving the local posterior sigma nearly unchanged, demonstrating that statistical curvature alone does not capture unmodeled bias. Pixel-position errors across the tested range remain near the matched-model recovery scale indicating robustness to certain detector calibration errors. ADORA provides a flexible framework for studying astrometric extraction, calibration-bias diagnosis, and future SHERA requirements.
CommentsSubmitted to Proceedings of SPIE, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2026
