HALO引擎：量子硬件上格点规范理论的O(1)步编译与局域化弦破裂
The HALO Engine: $\mathcal{O}(1)$-Step Compilation and Localized String Rupture for Lattice Gauge Theories on Quantum Hardware
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中文总结 AI 辅助
针对格点规范理论数字模拟的电路深度缩放瓶颈，提出HALO编译器实现O(1)步编译，在16量子比特超导处理器上完成介观尺度Schwinger模型模拟，确定了拓扑转变、相边界，还扩展至二维QCD模拟。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
模拟格点规范理论（LGT）的实时动力学是近期量子计算面临的一项挑战。标准数字模拟依赖Trotter化方案，其中电路深度与格点大小成比例缩放，不可避免地会与带噪声中等规模量子（NISQ）硬件的相干极限发生冲突。为解决这一深度缩放瓶颈，我们引入硬件感知格点优化（HALO）编译器，这一架构在每个Trotter步中以恒定的O(1)电路深度执行全局时间演化步。利用该框架，我们将Schwinger模型的量子链接模型（QLM）截断版本的数字模拟提升至介观尺度，采用复合多量子比特规范链接表示以支持非平凡的电场动力学。我们在16量子比特超导Transmon处理器上初始化并执行严重拉伸的L=15介子弦的非微扰动力学。通过将O(1)编译与零噪声外推（ZNE）结合，我们抑制物理硬件的退相干，以提取局域对产生的精确动力学交叉，确定在t≈0.790格点单位处的拓扑转变，其破裂概率为18.3±2.2%。此外，我们通过实验绘制了介观格点的动力学相图，精确确定有效禁闭相边界在g_c=1.0。最后，我们将HALO引擎的数学原理扩展到更高维度，提出了可扩展的恒定深度2D单胞蓝图，消除了磁plaquette的路由开销，为容错模拟二维量子色动力学（QCD）铺平了直接的算法途径。
英文摘要
Simulating real-time dynamics in lattice gauge theories (LGTs) is severely constrained by the circuit depth overhead of standard fermion-to-qubit mappings, which scale linearly or quadratically with system size. To overcome this depth-scaling bottleneck, we introduce the Hardware-Aware Lattice Optimization (HALO) compiler, an architecture executing global time-evolution in an immutable $\mathcal{O}(1)$ circuit depth per Trotter step. By natively mapping composite gauge links to hardware topologies, HALO achieves a $91.36\%$ reduction in entangling gate overhead compared to unoptimized Jordan-Wigner baselines, compressing a 16-qubit global step to 56 CNOTs and bypassing extensive $\mathcal{O}(N)$ scaling limits. We validate this compiler on IBM superconducting transmon processors by simulating the mesoscopic Quantum Link Model (QLM) truncation of the Schwinger model. Coupling $\mathcal{O}(1)$ compilation with Zero-Noise Extrapolation (ZNE), we track localized string rupture, extracting the dynamical crossover of pair creation at $t \approx 0.790$ with an $18.3 \pm 2.2\%$ rupture probability. Furthermore, we map the dynamical phase diagram, identifying the confinement phase boundary at $g_c = 1.0$. Finally, we introduce a scalable 2D unit-cell blueprint, paving a direct pathway toward the fault-tolerant simulation of two-dimensional Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD).
发表机构
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore（印度印多尔理工学院）
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