位置素数数字分布定理:素数中位置数字等分布的形式证明
The Position-wise Prime Digit Distribution Theorem: A Formal Proof of Position-wise Digit Equidistribution in the Prime Numbers
AI总结:
该论文形式证明了素数的位置数字等分布定理,指出内部数字极限概率为1/10、首位数字为1/9,明确了两种机制并给出误差界。
AI中文摘要:
我们陈述并证明该定理:对于满足 $p < 10^n$ 的素数 $p$,其以10为底的展开式为 $p = \sum_{k=0}^{n(p)-1} d_k(p) 10^k$,位置数字概率 $P_n(d \mid k)$ 满足:当 $n \to \infty$ 时,若 $k \ge 1$,$d \in \{0,\dots,9\}$,则 $\lim_{n \to \infty} P_n(d \mid k) = 1/10$;若 $k = \mathrm{lead}$(首位位置),$d \in \{1,\dots,9\}$,则 $\lim_{n \to \infty} P_n(d \mid k) = 1/9$。极限行为清晰分为两种不同机制:内部数字的算术机制和首位数字的阿基米德机制。对于固定的内部位置($k \ge 1$),通过模 $10^{k+1}$ 的数字提取将问题转化为简化剩余类中的素数计数,其中均匀分布由Siegel–Walfisz定理保证(Bombieri–Vinogradov定理允许 $k$ 随 $n$ 增长)。对于首位数字,$1/9$ 的极限并非Benford型尺度不变性,而是源于单个十位数内素数密度 $1/\log t$ 的局部近恒定性,结合Toeplitz型误差平均产生的。两种机制均记录了显式的经典和条件误差界。
英文摘要:
We state and prove the Theorem: for primes $p < 10^n$ with base-$10$ expansion $p = \sum_{k=0}^{n(p)-1} d_k(p) 10^k$, the positional digit probabilities $P_n(d \mid k)$ satisfy \[ \lim_{n \to \infty} P_n(d \mid k) = \begin{cases} 1/10, & k \ge 1,\ d \in \{0,\dots,9\}, \\[4pt] 1/9, & k = \mathrm{lead},\ d \in \{1,\dots,9\}. \end{cases} \] The limiting behavior splits cleanly into two distinct mechanisms: an arithmetic regime for interior digits and an Archimedean regime for the leading digit. For fixed interior positions ($k \ge 1$), digit extraction modulo $10^{k+1}$ reduces the problem to prime counts in reduced residue classes, where uniform distribution follows from Siegel--Walfisz (with Bombieri--Vinogradov allowing $k$ to grow with $n$). For the leading digit, the $1/9$ limit is not a Benford-type scale invariance, but arises from the local near-constancy of the prime density $1/\log t$ within single decades combined with a Toeplitz-type error averaging. Explicit classical and conditional error bounds are recorded for both regimes.