潮汐金星现象：人口统计学特征与案例研究
The Tidal Venus Phenomenon: Demographics and Case Studies
AI总结：
该研究通过对143颗类地系外行星的潮汐加热计算，建立潮汐对气候影响的分类框架，分析五个案例，探讨潮汐金星现象的特征、机制及观测前景。
AI中文摘要：
类地行星及其轨道的人口统计学特征显示，行星总能量预算存在巨大多样性。短周期或偏心轨道的类地系外行星可能经历强烈的潮汐加热，结合恒星辐射可能触发类似金星的失控温室效应。我们对143颗已测得偏心率的类地系外行星计算潮汐加热率，发现采用存档默认偏心率和恒定Q假设时，70%的行星潮汐通量超过极端火山活动阈值，96%的行星总零反照率通量超过失控温室极限。我们建立了潮汐对气候影响的三类分类法：通量驱动的金星类似行星、潮汐主导行星、历史受影响的宜居带（HZ）行星，并将该框架应用于五个案例研究：TOI-6716 b和TOI-912 b可能具有极高的潮汐通量，或可作为潮汐耗散单独导致它们超过失控温室阈值的实例；TOI-700 d和LHS 1140 b目前虽低于阈值，但在其宿主恒星约0.5-3 Gyr的主序前阶段曾暴露于超过阈值的恒星辐射，詹姆斯·韦伯空间望远镜（JWST）可验证它们的大气是否存续；GJ 12 b已单独因恒星通量超过阈值，其潮汐热通量约为5 W/m²（与木卫一相当），通过独立的火山途径驱动失控温室效应，三维气候模拟显示，GJ 12 b的温带大气无法实现辐射平衡，而类金星的二氧化碳主导大气可达到稳定状态。我们探讨了这些系统的观测前景及其与即将开展的金星原位任务的关联。
英文摘要：
The demographics of terrestrial planets and their orbits reveal a vast diversity in overall planetary energy budgets. Terrestrial exoplanets in short-period or eccentric orbits can experience intense tidal heating that, combined with stellar irradiation, may trigger runaway greenhouse conditions analogous to Venus. We calculate tidal heating rates for 143 terrestrial-sized exoplanets with measured eccentricities and find that, under adopted archive default eccentricities and constant-$Q$ assumptions, 70% exceed the extreme volcanism threshold in tidal flux and 96% exceed the runaway greenhouse limit in total zero-albedo flux. We develop a three-category taxonomy of tidal influence on climate: flux-driven Venus analogs, tidally dominated planets, and historically compromised Habitable Zone (HZ) worlds, and apply this framework to five case studies. TOI-6716 b and TOI-912 b may have exceptionally high tidal fluxes, potentially serving as examples where tidal dissipation alone causes them to exceed the runaway greenhouse threshold. TOI-700 d and LHS 1140 b, though currently below the threshold, were exposed to above-threshold stellar irradiation during their host stars' $\sim$0.5--3~Gyr pre-main-sequence phases; whether their atmospheres survived is testable with JWST. GJ 12 b, already above the threshold from stellar flux alone, experiences a tidal heat flux of $\sim$5~W/m$^2$ (comparable to Io) that drives an independent volcanic pathway to a runaway greenhouse. Three-dimensional climate simulations show that a temperate atmosphere for GJ 12 b fails to achieve radiative balance, while a Venus-like CO$_2$-dominated atmosphere converges to a stable state. We consider observational prospects for these systems and connections to forthcoming Venus in-situ missions.
