CLOPS：效用规模下的系统速度基准测试
CLOPS: Benchmarking System Speed at Utility Scale
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中文总结 AI 辅助
针对现有量子速度指标无法反映效用规模工作负载端到端吞吐量的问题，研究提出CLOPS_h基准，关联设备能力与质量范围，实现速度与质量的连贯解释。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
随着量子处理器扩展到数百个量子比特，执行速度成为与规模和质量并列的关键性能维度。尽管在电路保真度基准测试方面已取得显著进展，但现有的速度指标往往无法反映用户运行效用规模工作负载时所体验到的持续端到端吞吐量，这一不足在经典-量子工作流中反复执行的分层参数化电路（如变分算法和错误缓解模拟）中尤为明显。本研究将CLOPS_h（每秒电路层操作）形式化为基于分层硬件感知电路的整体速度基准，其测量系统执行物理层的持续速率，物理层是由同步屏障分隔的量子比特不相交两量子比特门的并行切片，由于每个此类层是N量子比特电路的一个时间片，该速率直接映射到分层N量子比特电路的执行速率，将CLOPS_h与已发表的设备能力声明及我们形式化为每秒最大电路数（MCPS）的设备级吞吐量上限关联起来。CLOPS_h在层保真度操作条件下获得，将速度测量与独立验证的质量范围绑定，且其层分解与可扩展层保真度（LF）质量基准一致，实现了速度与质量的连贯解释而不将两者混淆。
英文摘要
As quantum processors scale to hundreds of qubits, execution speed is a critical performance dimension alongside scale and quality. While substantial progress has been made in benchmarking circuit fidelity, existing speed metrics often fail to reflect the sustained, end-to-end throughput experienced by users running utility-scale workloads. This shortfall is especially pronounced for layered, parameterized circuits executed repeatedly within classical-quantum workflows, such as variational algorithms and error-mitigated simulations. In this work, we formalize CLOPS_h (Circuit Layer Operations Per Second) as a holistic speed benchmark defined over layered, hardware-aware circuits. CLOPS_h measures the sustained rate at which the system executes physical layers, parallel slices of qubit-disjoint two-qubit gates separated by synchronization barriers. Because each such layer is one time slice of an N-qubit circuit, this rate maps directly to the execution rate of layered $N$-qubit circuits, connecting CLOPS_h to published device capability claims, and to the device-level throughput ceiling we formalize as Max Circuits Per Second (MCPS). CLOPS_h is obtained under layer-fidelity operating conditions, binding the speed measurement to an independently verified quality envelope, and it shares its layer decomposition with scalable layer-fidelity (LF) quality benchmarks, enabling coherent interpretation of speed and quality without conflating the two.
