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元素不同性查询的平均情况最优编码与高效最坏情况索引

Average-Case Optimal Encodings and Efficient Worst-Case Indices for Element Distinctness Queries

Philip Bille, Johannes Fischer, Inge Li Gørtz, Filippo Lari

arXiv 2608.17907首次发表:更新:

AI 中文总结

该研究针对元素不同性查询,在编码模型中得到随机数组的平均情况空间下界并构造最优编码,在索引模型中证明最坏情况数组的时空权衡下界并给出近似匹配的索引。

AI 中文摘要

我们研究元素不同性问题(element distinctness problem)的数据结构版本:预处理一个来自大小为σ的字母表的n个元素组成的数组,以回答All-Distinct查询,即询问给定范围是否仅包含不同元素。我们首先关注均匀随机数组:在编码模型中,查询时不允许访问输入,我们证明了期望空间的下界;例如,当σ=2,3,4,5时,下界分别为n、1.3627n、1.5153n、1.5824n比特,当σ=ω(1)时,下界约为n√(π/(2σ)) logσ比特。作为补充,我们设计了不同的平均情况最优编码,根据σ的不同,以最坏情况时间O(1)、o(log²logn)或O(loglogn)支持All-Distinct查询,且对于任意σ=ω(1),期望时间为O(1)。随后我们转向最坏情况(非随机)数组:在索引模型中,允许访问输入,我们证明了单元探测(cell-probe)时空权衡下界,表明任何使用n/b比特的索引必须具有Ω(b/logb)的查询时间。最后,我们提出了一个简单的索引,其性能几乎与该下界匹配。

英文摘要

We study the data structure version of the \emph{element distinctness problem}: preprocess an array of $n$ elements from an alphabet of size $σ$ to answer \textsc{All-Distinct} queries, asking whether a given range contains only distinct elements. We first focus on \emph{uniformly random arrays}: in the encoding model, where access to the input at query time is not allowed, we prove a lower bound on the expected space; for instance, the lower bound is $n$, $1.3627n$, $1.5153n$, $1.5824n$ bits for $σ= 2,3,4,5$, and approximately $n\sqrt{π/(2σ)}\,\logσ$ bits for $σ=ω(1)$. We complement this by designing different average-case optimal encodings, supporting \textsc{All-Distinct} queries in worst-case time $O(1)$, $o(\log^{2}{\log{n}})$, or $O(\log\log{n})$ depending on $σ$, and $O(1)$ expected time for any $σ= ω(1)$. We then switch to worst-case (non-random) arrays: in the indexing model, where access to the input is allowed, we prove a cell-probe space-time tradeoff lower bound showing that any index using $n/b$ bits must have $Ω(b/\log{b})$ query time. We conclude by presenting a simple index almost matching this lower bound.

CommentsAccepted at SPIRE 2026. Full version

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