空间等离子体的原位测量：最新进展与未来挑战
In-situ measurements of space plasma: recent progress and future challenges
AI总结：
本文综述空间等离子体原位测量的现代诊断方法，结合相关任务数据展示仪器能力，并探讨空间等离子体物理未来方向及对应诊断挑战，列举了多个待开展或已提出的空间任务。
AI中文摘要：
太阳风或地球空间环境等空间等离子体为原位观测基础等离子体过程及其影响提供了独特机会。借助现代空间仪器，我们可高分辨率测量等离子体粒子的速度分布函数及电磁场，且对所观测等离子体系统的扰动极小，这类等离子体测量在地球实验室环境中往往无法实现。本文综述聚焦于空间等离子体粒子原位探测的现代诊断方法，介绍了顶 hat 静电分析器（top-hat electrostatic analysers）的探测原理，并重点列举了基于帕克太阳探测器（Parker Solar Probe）、太阳轨道器（Solar Orbiter）等日球层空间任务数据取得的近期科学发现实例，这些实例展现了现代空间等离子体仪器的能力。随后，本文讨论了空间等离子体物理学的未来方向，以及所需等离子体诊断面临的挑战，这些新发展包括即将开展和已提出的空间任务，如业务化空间天气任务“警戒号”（Vigil）、多航天器任务“日球层集群号”（HelioSwarm）、火星任务 M-MATISSE 以及电子天体物理学任务 Debye。
英文摘要：
Space plasmas like the solar wind or the Earth's space environment offer unique opportunities to observe fundamental plasma processes and their impact in situ. With modern space instrumentation, we measure the velocity distribution function of the plasma particles as well as the electromagnetic fields at high resolution and with minimal perturbation of the observed plasma systems. Plasma measurements like this are often not possible in laboratory settings on Earth. This review article focuses on modern diagnostic methods for the in-situ detection of plasma particles in space. It presents the detection principle of top-hat electrostatic analysers and highlights recent examples of scientific discoveries based on data from the heliospheric space missions Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter. These examples demonstrate the capabilities of modern space plasma instrumentation. The article then discusses future directions in space plasma physics as well as the involved challenges in terms of the required plasma diagnostics. These new developments include, for example, upcoming and proposed space missions such as the operational space-weather mission Vigil, the multi-spacecraft mission HelioSwarm, the Mars mission M-MATISSE, and the electron-astrophysics mission Debye.
