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arXiv 2608.15925math.COmath.GR

小花形三角坐标中的等边完成:局域性、乘积点与反射对称性

Equilateral Completion in Floretion Triangular Coordinates: Locality, Product Points, and Reflection Symmetry

Creighton Dement

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中文总结 AI 辅助

该研究在小花形三角坐标中,结合三角格算术、模运算等推导等边质心三角形的计数公式,定义乘积点并刻画其性质,枚举至阶数5未发现非局域乘法生成等边三角形实例。

中文摘要 AI 辅助

我们研究阶数为n的小花形(floretion)基向量的无序三元组,其 tile 质心构成非退化等边三角形。缩放整数质心映射将欧几里得完成转化为正则三角格上的精确算术运算。模3的剩余类给出自包含的同向定理:每个等边质心三角形使用三个同向的 tile;Ivrissimtzis、Dodgson 和 Sabin 的三色定理给出独立的几何解释。结合这一障碍与 Brouwer、Joe、Noble 和 Noble 的有限三角格完成计数,得到 |Eₙ|=4ⁿ(4ⁿ−1)/12。同步局部循环作用构成一个特殊子类,其数量 |Lₙ|=(7ⁿ−4ⁿ)/3,因此在所有等边质心三角形中占指数级衰减的比例。在无 e 支撑 {i,j,k}ⁿ 上,模2刚性论证迫使每个等边质心三角形都是局域的,得到 (2ⁿ−1)3ⁿ⁻¹ 个实例。我们还引入无符号顶点乘积及其质心,即乘积点,并刻画该点何时等于局域循环的欧几里得中心。所得奇偶自动机产生线性递推关系和斐波那契子族,包括以乘积点为中心的反射对称三角形。最后,一个等边三角形是乘法生成的,当且仅当其无符号顶点乘积为单位元,等价于其乘积点为原点。在局域类中,这些恰好是非平凡的全局循环轨道;通过阶数5的详尽精确枚举未发现非局域实例。

英文摘要

We study unordered triples of order-$n$ floretion base vectors whose tile centroids form nondegenerate equilateral triangles. A scaled integer centroid map turns Euclidean completion into exact arithmetic on a triangular lattice, and a residue obstruction modulo $3$ shows that every equilateral centroid triangle uses three tiles of one orientation. Combined with finite triangular-lattice completion counts, this gives $|E_n|=4^n(4^n-1)/12$. For synchronized local $γ$-cycles, $|L_n|=(7^n-4^n)/3$ and $|L_n|/|E_n|\sim4(7/16)^n$, while on the no-$e$ support $S_n=\{i,j,k\}^n$ locality is exhaustive and $|E_n^S|=|L_n^S|=(2^n-1)3^{n-1}$. The union of the three main axes supports exactly $|E_n^{\rm ax}|=4^{n-1}+2^n-2$ equilateral triangles, split into the branches $x=y=z$ and $x+y+z=0$. For $T\in E_n$, the unsigned vertex product defines a product point $C_T$; a digitwise parity criterion characterizes $C_T=Q_T$ on local cycles and yields Fibonacci subfamilies. Multiplication-generation is equivalent to $p(T)=e_n$, hence $C_T=0$; locally this gives exactly the nontrivial global $γ$-orbits, and exact enumeration through order $6$ finds no nonlocal example. Retaining the signs discarded by the unsigned product gives a second classifier: a triangle has scalar vertex-sum square exactly when its three vertices pairwise anticommute. For local cycles this occurs exactly when $|S|$ is odd, giving $|\mathrm{AC}_n\cap L_n|=(7^n-1)/6$, while nonlocal pairwise-anticommuting examples already occur in order $3$.

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