AI 中文总结
本文建立随机刘维尔输运理论，结合实验分析热原子蒸气中光-原子相互作用噪声，明确不同频率噪声来源，验证塞曼效应影响，可用于其他热原子传感器噪声分析。
AI 中文摘要
光-原子相互作用噪声会限制热蒸气传感性能，现有理论常将内部态动力学、有限模式原子运动与随机更新分开处理，掩盖了它们对测量噪声的耦合贡献。本文建立通用的随机刘维尔输运理论，通过偏振分辨的共振铯（Cs）D₂光谱验证。联合实验-理论分析表明，约100 kHz以下的原子-光噪声以渡越为主：弹道运动穿过有限高斯模式，会调制耦合加权有效原子数与依赖轨迹的拉比耦合，产生共模噪声；边界更新引入基态子能级独立采样的原子，产生差分布居涨落，对圆偏振通道有相反影响。施加纵向磁场时，实验与理论显示共模抑制的非单调变化性质一致，支持塞曼对通道响应的再分配。该框架可分析其他热原子传感器的噪声，包括里德堡原子电场测量。
英文摘要
Atom-light interaction noise can limit thermal-vapor sensing. Existing theories often treat internal-state dynamics, finite-mode atomic motion, and stochastic renewal separately, obscuring their coupled contributions to measured noise. We develop a general stochastic Liouville-transport theory, tested against polarization-resolved resonant Cs D$_2$ spectra. Joint experiment-theory analysis identifies atom-light noise below approximately 100 kHz as transit-dominated. Ballistic motion through the finite Gaussian mode modulates both the coupling-weighted effective atom number and trajectory-dependent Rabi coupling, producing predominantly common-mode noise. Boundary renewal introduces atoms with independently sampled ground-state sublevels, generating differential population fluctuations with opposite effects on the circular channels. Under an applied longitudinal magnetic field, experiment and theory show the same qualitative nonmonotonic change in common-mode suppression, supporting Zeeman redistribution of the channel responses. The framework can analyze noise in other thermal-atom sensors, including Rydberg-atom electric-field measurements.
