5G-TSN桥接的规模化：异构工业流量下的运行机制、调度与时序同步
Scaling 5G-TSN Bridges: Operating Regimes, Scheduling, and Time Synchronisation Under Heterogeneous Industrial Traffic
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中文总结 AI 辅助
该研究针对5G NR桥接异构工业流量的可扩展性，在特定仿真平台上建模多类工业流量，分析三种运行机制、调度器性能及时序同步问题，为满足TSN低延迟需求提出无线配置优化方向。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
3GPP R16版本使5G系统可作为透明的IEEE 802.1 TSN桥接，但异构工业负载下的可扩展性仍未得到充分表征。本文在OMNeT++/Simu5G平台上使用nascTime框架，评估单个5G NR小区在每流QoS下降前可桥接的TSN端点数量。我们基于四承载SDAP架构对闭环控制、机器视觉、批量遥测及IEEE 802.1AS流量进行建模，端点数量设为1至40，同时改变MAC调度器、无线带宽（10 MHz和20 MHz）及信道模型。结果显示存在三种运行机制：饱和以下时，非DRR调度器表现相近；接近饱和时，QoS感知型PF调度器相较信道感知型和公平性调度器，可将关键流的P99延迟降低两个数量级；过载时，仅QoS-PF调度器能维持最高优先级流量的近乎完整交付。在两种评估带宽下，带宽翻倍时饱和阈值约翻倍。我们还表明，将IEEE 802.1AS/gPTP流量隔离在专用高优先级无线承载上可降低时钟伺服不稳定性，尽管承载低优先级数据的端点在饱和状态下仍因MAC调度频率降低而经历更高的同步延迟。最后，评估的6 GHz以下、30 kHz子载波间隔配置表现出约2.25 ms的有效延迟下限，表明低于3 ms的TSN截止期限可能需要无线配置变更，如配置授权或更高 numerology。
英文摘要
3GPP Release 16 enables a 5G system to operate as a transparent IEEE 802.1 TSN bridge, but its scalability under heterogeneous industrial workloads remains insufficiently characterised. This paper uses the nascTime framework on OMNeT++/Simu5G to evaluate how many TSN endpoints a single 5G NR cell can bridge before per-flow QoS degrades. We model closed-loop control, machine vision, bulk telemetry, and IEEE 802.1AS traffic over a four-bearer SDAP architec- ture, varying the number of endpoints from 1 to 40, MAC scheduler, radio bandwidth (10 MHz and 20 MHz), and channel model. Results show three operating regimes. Below saturation, non-DRR schedulers perform similarly; near saturation, QoS- aware PF reduces critical-flow P99 latency by up to two or- ders of magnitude relative to channel-aware and fairness-based schedulers; and under overload, only QoS-PF maintains near- complete delivery for the highest-priority traffic. Across the two evaluated bandwidths, the saturation threshold approximately doubles when bandwidth doubles. We also show that isolating IEEE 802.1AS/gPTP traffic on a dedicated high-priority radio bearer reduces clock-servo instability, although endpoints carry- ing lower-priority data still experience elevated synchronisation delay under saturation because of reduced MAC scheduling frequency. Finally, the evaluated sub-6 GHz, 30 kHz-SCS con- figuration exhibits an effective latency floor of approximately 2.25 ms, indicating that sub-3 ms TSN deadlines may require radio-configuration changes such as configured grants or higher numerology
