AI 中文总结
研究人员提出基于FPGA与SATA存储的Qu-Trefoil系统，成功在单存储子系统上模拟了超43量子比特的量子电路，性能优于现有大规模模拟器，成本更低。
AI 中文摘要
量子电路是量子计算的核心组成部分，基于态矢量的量子电路模拟是追踪量子比特在电路演化过程中行为的广泛应用技术。然而，模拟含n个量子比特的电路需要2^(n+4)字节的内存，这使得超过40个量子比特的模拟仅能在超级计算机上实现。为解决这一限制，我们提出Qu-Trefoil，一个专为基于名为Trefoil的FPGA平台的大规模量子电路模拟设计的系统。Trefoil是连接8个存储子系统的多FPGA系统，每个子系统配备32块SATA磁盘。Qu-Trefoil集成了一套基于HLS的通用量子门，包括Clifford门（Hadamard (H)、Pauli-Z (Z)、Phase (S)、受控非门 (CNOT)）、T门及酉矩阵计算，还有用于全系统集成的HDL设计模块。我们的广泛评估涵盖了量子门性能、块大小、磁盘可扩展性及不同SATA代际下的效率，验证了系统的鲁棒性与灵活性。我们成功模拟了含超过43个量子比特的量子电路，其所需内存超过128 TB，在配备1个FPGA的单个存储子系统上耗时约3.72至13.06小时。这一成果是量子计算模拟发展的重要里程碑。此外，得益于其独特架构，Qu-Trefoil比现有其他大规模量子电路模拟器更易获取、更灵活且成本效益更高，为无法便捷使用超级计算机的研究人员提供了可行选择。
英文摘要
Quantum circuits are fundamental components of quantum computing, and state-vector-based quantum circuit simulation is a widely used technique for tracking qubit behavior throughout circuit evolution. However, simulating a circuit with $n$ qubits requires $2^{n+4}$ bytes of memory, making simulations of more than 40 qubits feasible only on supercomputers. To address this limitation, we propose the Qu-Trefoil, a system designed for large-scale quantum circuit simulations on an FPGA-based platform called Trefoil. Trefoil is a multi-FPGA system connected to eight storage subsystems, each equipped with 32 SATA disks. Qu-Trefoil integrates a suite of HLS-based universal quantum gates, including Clifford gates (Hadamard (H), Pauli-Z (Z), Phase (S), Controlled-NOT (CNOT)), the T gate, and unitary matrix computation, along with HDL-designed modules for system-wide integration. Our extensive evaluation demonstrates the system's robustness and flexibility, covering quantum gate performance, chunk size, disk extensibility, and efficiency across different SATA generations. We successfully simulated quantum circuits with over 43 qubits, which required more than 128 TB of memory, in approximately 3.72 to 13.06 hours on a single storage subsystem equipped with one FPGA. This achievement represents a significant milestone in the advancement of quantum computing simulations. Furthermore, thanks to its unique architecture, Qu-Trefoil is more accessible, flexible, and cost-efficient than other existing simulators for large-scale quantum circuit simulations, making it a viable option for researchers with limited access to supercomputers.
Comments16 pages, 18 figures, 8 tables. Published in IEEE Transactions on Computers
Journal refIEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 1306-1321, April 2025
