FAA国家野生动物撞击数据库（1990-2026）的开放版本聚合数据：按动物科、机身和机场划分的条件损伤率
Open versioned aggregates of the FAA National Wildlife Strike Database (1990-2026): conditional damage rates by animal family, airframe, and airport
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本研究将FAA国家野生动物撞击数据库转换为开放版本聚合数据，分析1990-2026年的撞击数据，发现撞击量与损伤率负相关，2025年撞击数达新高，数据支持独立复用。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
背景：飞机与野生动物的碰撞是已被记录的航空危险。FAA国家野生动物撞击数据库是美国相关报告的主要公开来源，但原始提取数据规模庞大，且极少以版本聚合形式发布。方法：我们将FAA公开的访问导出数据（STRIKE_REPORTS）转换为SQLite格式，定义当损伤等级（DAMAGE_LEVEL）为M、M?、S、D时，该报告为损伤性报告；并通过物种ID（SPECIES_ID）的层级前缀，将行数据聚合为开放的聚合数据（年份、机场、物种、航空器、动物科）。我们分析了所有民用报告以及商业子集（航空器质量AC_MASS为3-5）。所有比率均基于已提交的撞击报告计算，而非每飞行小时，因此每个比率均以已提交报告为条件。趋势统计使用完整的事故年份1990-2025；横截面维度覆盖完整的初始数据，事故年份为1990-2026。结果：数据锁定在2026年7月4日的冻结版本。2025年报告的撞击数达到系列新高，总计24458起，其中901起为损伤性撞击。撞击数量占比最高的物种并非损伤率最高的物种：雀形目鸣禽占已识别撞击的41.1%，但仅在1.5%的报告中造成航空器损伤（95%置信区间为1.4-1.6）；而鹿类仅占0.7%，却在81.8%的报告中造成航空器损伤（95%置信区间为79.8-83.7）。按总撞击数排名的机场（以丹佛国际机场为首）与按损伤性撞击排名的机场（以萨克拉门托国际机场为首）存在差异；在至少有50份报告的452个机场中，撞击量与条件损伤率呈负秩相关（斯皮尔曼相关系数rho=-0.44，p<0.001）；大型站点可能更完整地记录了轻微事件，因此该结果并非危险程度排名。数十年来，标注为损伤性的报告占比下降，与轻微事件报告的改进一致，而损伤性报告的绝对数量在2025年达到峰值。结论：版本化开放聚合数据及有记录的损伤率分析支持独立复用，数据采用CC BY 4.0许可发布。
英文摘要
Background. Aircraft-wildlife collisions are a documented aviation hazard. The FAA National Wildlife Strike Database is the main public source of U.S. reports, but raw extracts are large and rarely released as versioned aggregates. Methods. We convert the public FAA Access export (STRIKE_REPORTS) to SQLite, define a report as damaging when DAMAGE_LEVEL is one of M, M?, S, D, and fold rows into open aggregates (year, airport, species, aircraft, animal family) via hierarchical SPECIES_ID prefixes. We analyze all civil reports and a commercial subset (AC_MASS 3-5). Rates are per reported strike, not per flight hour, so every rate is conditional on a report having been filed. Trend statistics use complete incident years 1990-2025; cross-sectional facets cover the full seed, incident years 1990-2026. Results. Numbers are locked to the 2026-07-04 freeze. Reported strikes in 2025 reach a series high (24,458 total; 901 damaging). Species that dominate strike counts are not those with the highest damage rates: perching songbirds account for 41.1% of identified strikes but damage aircraft in 1.5% of reports (95% CI 1.4-1.6), whereas deer account for 0.7% but damage aircraft in 81.8% of reports (95% CI 79.8-83.7). Airports ranked by total strikes (led by Denver Intl) diverge from rankings by damaging strikes (led by Sacramento Intl); across the 452 airports with at least 50 reports, volume and conditional damage rate are negatively rank-correlated (Spearman rho = -0.44, p < 0.001); large stations plausibly capture minor events more completely, so this is not a hazard ranking. The share of reports labeled damaging declines over decades, consistent with improved reporting of minor events, while absolute damaging counts peak in 2025. Conclusions. Versioned open aggregates and a documented damage-rate analysis enable independent reuse; released under CC BY 4.0.
