跨尺度的磁性活性物质
Magnetic active matter across scales
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本综述聚焦携带固有磁偶极矩的活性自推进粒子，调研跨尺度相关实验与理论，阐明偶极相互作用的作用，讨论相关模型与涌现现象，概述磁性活性系统的挑战与机遇。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
磁性相互作用是控制和组织活性物质的多功能且强大的工具，活性物质的单个单元会持续消耗能量以驱动自主运动。这种相互作用天然存在于生物系统中，如趋磁细菌，也可被工程化应用于合成平台，包括胶体微泳器、磁性纳米颗粒和宏观颗粒机器人。本综述聚焦于携带固有磁偶极矩的活性自推进粒子，其动力来自自身能量消耗而非外场驱动；此处磁偶极矩介导相互作用与自组织，而非提供推进力。我们调研了所有长度尺度的实验与理论研究，阐明偶极相互作用如何塑造单粒子动力学、集体行为与自组织。我们讨论了包含成对偶极力与限域的模型，并考察链状结构、群集行为、可调图案形成等涌现现象。最后，我们概述了磁性活性系统在设计、控制与应用方面的挑战与机遇，涵盖可编程材料、生物医学驱动及非平衡物理学等领域。
英文摘要
Magnetic interactions provide a versatile and powerful tool for controlling and organizing active matter, where individual units continuously consume energy to drive autonomous motion. These interactions arise naturally in biological systems, such as magnetotactic bacteria, and can be engineered into synthetic platforms, including colloidal microswimmers, magnetic nanoparticles, and macroscopic granular robots. This review focuses on active, self-propelled particles that carry an intrinsic magnetic dipole moment, powered by their own energy consumption rather than driven by external fields; here, the dipole moment mediates interactions and self-organization, not propulsion. We survey experimental and theoretical studies across all length scales, showing how dipolar interactions shape single-particle dynamics, collective behavior, and self-organization. We discuss models incorporating pairwise dipolar forces and confinement, and examine emergent phenomena such as chaining, swarming, and tunable pattern formation. We close by outlining challenges and opportunities in the design, control, and application of magnetic active systems, from programmable materials and biomedical actuation to nonequilibrium physics.
