何时制度优于智能？
When Do Institutions Beat Intelligence?
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中文总结 AI 辅助
该研究通过构建受控人工生态，实验揭示制度在修复集体构建可用公共状态的失败时优于智能，反之则不然，为智能与制度的选择提供了诊断依据。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
能力更强的智能体不一定能组成更强大的集体。多智能体系统可能共同拥有充足的信息，但会因证据路由不当、不可靠报告进入公共信念、相关主张伪装成独立支持、共享状态过时或被策略性扭曲，或有用证据通过低效的行动接口暴露而失败。我们研究何时额外资源应提升推理器能力，何时应改变集体形成和基于公共信息行动的制度结构。借鉴群体决策和分布式认知研究中的功能区分，我们围绕集体失败的四个位点构建受控人工生态：访问与路由、准入与依赖、状态维护与激励、表征与行动。在这些生态中，我们分别改变模型能力和制度结构，将积极干预措施与匹配的推理基线及机制破坏控制组配对。实验揭示了一个一致的边界：制度在修复集体构建可用公共状态的失败时发挥作用，但当制度信号无信息或无法核查、更强智能可直接执行相同转换，或生成的状态无法支持可靠行动时，制度优势会丧失。我们的结果将智能与制度的选择重新表述为对集体推理失败原因的诊断。
英文摘要
More capable agents do not necessarily form a more capable collective. A multi-agent system may jointly possess sufficient information yet fail because evidence is poorly routed, unreliable reports enter public belief, correlated claims masquerade as independent support, shared state becomes stale or strategically distorted, or useful evidence is exposed through an ineffective action interface. We ask when additional resources should improve the reasoner and when they should instead change the institutional structure through which the collective forms and acts on public information. Drawing on functional distinctions from research on group decision making and distributed cognition, we construct controlled artificial ecologies around four loci of collective failure: access and routing, admission and dependence, state maintenance and incentives, and representation and action. Across these ecologies, we separately vary model capability and institutional structure, pairing positive interventions with matched reasoning baselines and mechanism-breaking controls. The experiments reveal a consistent boundary: institutions help when they repair failures in how a collective constructs usable public state, but lose their advantage when their signals are uninformative or uncheckable, when stronger intelligence can perform the same transformation directly, or when the resulting state cannot support reliable action. Our results recast the choice between intelligence and institutions as a diagnosis of where collective reasoning fails.
