AI 中文总结
该研究构建了覆盖红移0-9的387个星系的联合样本，分析宇宙正午时期温电离外流的标度关系演化，发现该时期外流速度和质量外流率更高但质量负载因子无演化，证实星系喷泉存在并限定外流发生率至少30%，完善了宇宙时间跨度内星系外流的研究。
AI 中文摘要
星系外流在调控星系演化中发挥着重要作用。恒星质量（$M_\ast$）、恒星形成率（SFR）与外流属性之间的标度关系已在低红移（$z<1$）条件下得到广泛研究，但在$z \sim 2$以上的研究相对较少。我们构建了一个包含$z \sim$ 0-9区间内387个星系的联合样本，其中包括来自Keck重子结构巡天（Keck Baryonic Structure Survey）和Keck莱曼连续谱光谱巡天（Keck Lyman Continuum Spectroscopic Survey）的98个新的宇宙正午星系。利用Keck/MOSFIRE光谱获取的高信噪比发射线（H$α$或[OIII] $\lambda5007$的信噪比SNR $>$ 50），我们通过将谱线分解为窄线和宽线成分，探测到了温电离外流。借助该联合样本，我们探究了外流标度关系的红移演化。平均而言，在固定$M_\ast$、SFR或SFR面密度的条件下，宇宙正午时期的外流最大速度比低红移时期的外流最高高出3倍。在固定$M_\ast$的条件下，它们的质量外流率也更高。尽管外流速度更快、强度更高，但在固定$M_\ast$的条件下，质量负载因子并未发生演化。我们找到了星系喷泉的证据，因为大部分外流气体在约0.03倍位力半径（R$_\textrm{vir}$）的位置被循环利用。考虑到星系取向和外流几何结构后，我们还将样本中星系的整体外流发生率限制在至少30%。通过分析迄今为止规模最大的宇宙正午时期温电离外流样本，并汇总覆盖所有红移的大型星系样本，我们对整个宇宙时间跨度内的星系外流开展了全面分析。
英文摘要
Galactic outflows play a significant role in regulating galaxy evolution. Scaling relations between stellar mass ($M_\ast$), star formation (SFR), and outflow properties have been extensively studied at low redshifts ($z<1$) but less so beyond $z \sim 2$. We construct a joint sample of 387 galaxies from $z \sim$ 0-9, including 98 new Cosmic Noon galaxies from the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey and the Keck Lyman Continuum Spectroscopic Survey. Using high signal-to-noise emission lines (SNR $>$ 50 for H$α$ or [OIII] $\lambda5007$) from Keck/MOSFIRE spectra, we detect warm-ionized outflows by decomposing lines into narrow and broad components. With the joint sample, we explore the redshift evolution of outflow scaling relations. On average, outflows at Cosmic Noon have higher maximum velocities than those at low$-z$ by up to a factor of 3 for a fixed $M_\ast$, SFR, or SFR surface density. They also have higher mass outflow rates for a fixed $M_\ast$. Despite faster and stronger outflows, there is no evolution in the mass loading factor for a fixed $M_\ast$. We find evidence for galactic fountains, as the majority of outflowing gas is recycled at a radius of $\sim$0.03 R$_\textrm{vir}$. We also constrain the overall outflow occurrence rate in our galaxy sample to be at least 30$\%$ when taking galaxy orientation and outflow geometry into account. By analyzing the largest sample of warm-ionized outflows at Cosmic Noon to date and compiling large galaxy samples across all redshifts, we present a comprehensive analysis of galactic outflows throughout cosmic time.
Comments18 pages, 9 figures, 3 + 2 tables, accepted to The Astrophysical Journal
