AI 中文总结
该研究探讨了病死率、再生数等流行病关键指标的实时估计问题，指出其受数据可用性及指标随疫情变化的影响，为优化估计方法提供研究基础。
AI 中文摘要
从新冠疫情到季节性流感，病死率、再生数等指标是流行病的关键描述指标。回顾来看，这些指标能丰富我们对传染病暴发的认知；实时层面，它们对指导公共卫生应对至关重要。因此，流行病学的一个重要问题是如何最优地估计此类指标，尤其是实时估计。该问题因数据可用性等实际考量，以及指标本身可能随疫情发展而变化的特性而变得复杂。
英文摘要
Metrics like the case-fatality rate and reproduction number are key descriptors of epidemics from the COVID-19 pandemic to the seasonal flu. In retrospect, these quantities enrich our understanding of infectious disease outbreaks; in real-time, they are absolutely critical to informing public health response. Thus, an important question in epidemiology is how best to estimate such metrics, especially in real-time. This question is complicated by practical considerations like data availability, as well as the fact that the metrics themselves may change as the epidemic unfolds.
