AI 中文总结
本文针对噪声环境，将三维光子QRNG建模为含损耗的非理想分束器开放量子系统，证明其在特定条件下仍符合科亨-施佩克尔定理，可产生最大不可预测输出，且部署难度低于低温超导QRNG。
AI 中文摘要
标准伪随机发生器存在缺陷，推动了量子随机数发生器（QRNGs）的发展。然而，常见的QRNG验证方法，无论是基于量子不确定性还是统计测试，都不足以保证高质量的随机性。相比之下，基于定位的科亨-施佩克尔定理（Located Kochen-Specker Theorem）的数学理论证明，三维QRNGs无需利用纠缠即可产生最大不可预测的输出，且理论和实验均支持其安全性。本文聚焦于三维QRNG的实用光子实现，其部署难度低于低温超导实现。由于任何物理实现都会受到各种测量误差的影响，从理论和实验上研究三维QRNG中误差的类型和作用至关重要。本文将光子三维QRNG建模为开放量子系统，构建为具有不同损耗的非理想分束器排列，损耗范围基于其组件的保真度，且证明在特定条件下，该过程仍处于科亨-施佩克尔定理的适用范围内，从而保证最大不可预测性。
英文摘要
Standard pseudo-random generators have weaknesses that have led to the development of quantum random number generators (QRNGs). However, common QRNG validation methods, whether based on quantum indeterminism or statistical tests, are insufficient to guarantee high-quality randomness. In contrast, a mathematical theory based on the Located Kochen-Specker Theorem proves that 3D QRNGs produce maximally unpredictable outputs without using entanglement, and both theory and experiments have supported their security. The paper focuses on a practical photonic implementation of a 3D QRNG that is easier to deploy than cryogenic superconducting implementations. As any physical implementation is subject to various measurement errors, it is important to study theoretically and experimentally the type and role of errors in 3D QRNGs. In this paper, we will model the photonic 3D QRNG as an open quantum system, constructed as an arrangement of imperfect beam-splitters with a range of losses based on the fidelity of its components, and we will show that under certain conditions, the process remains within the scope of the Kochen-Specker Theorem, which guarantees maximum unpredictability.
