AI 中文总结
本研究开发基于XR的实时6-DOF导管跟踪平台，经20名医学生测试，其可使心脏介入操作速度提升超5倍、导管移动距离减约5倍，还能提高精度、降低变异性，优化操作体验。
AI 中文摘要
尽管三维超声技术已有进展，但大多数经皮心脏介入仍依赖二维可视化，这限制了深度感知和空间理解能力。为解决该挑战，我们开发了一种基于扩展现实（XR）的平台，可在患者特异性三维心脏模型内实现实时六自由度（6-DOF）导管跟踪与可视化。该系统将用于五自由度（5-DOF）导管跟踪的定制机器视觉算法与测量导管滚转角的3D打印机电编码器相结合，实现完整的六自由度运动重建。在一项概念验证研究中，20名医科新手学生使用沉浸式三维可视化或传统二维导管室风格视图，将心内超声（ICE）导管导航至六个解剖靶点。三维条件下的参与者平均完成任务耗时54.6秒，导管移动距离为1939毫米，而二维条件下分别为267.5秒和7854毫米。因此，基于XR的三维系统速度提升超过5倍，导管移动距离减少约5倍。三维模式还提高了定位精度，降低了性能变异性。参与者一致认为沉浸式可视化在准确性、速度、可用性和临床价值方面评分更高。运动学分析显示，三维模式下深度轴导航更平稳，而二维用户依赖重复的校正动作。这些发现表明，基于XR的可视化可显著提高手术培训的效率、精度和运动控制能力。
英文摘要
Despite advances in 3D ultrasound, most percutaneous cardiac interventions still rely on 2D visualization, limiting depth perception and spatial understanding. To address this challenge, we developed an Extended Reality (XR)-based platform that enables real-time six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) catheter tracking and visualization within a patient-specific 3D heart model. The system combines a custom machine-vision algorithm for 5-DOF catheter tracking with a 3D-printed electromechanical encoder that measures catheter roll, providing complete 6-DOF motion reconstruction. In a proof-of-concept study, 20 novice medical students navigated an intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) catheter to six anatomical targets using either immersive 3D visualization or a conventional 2D cathlab-style view. Participants in the 3D condition completed the task in 54.6 seconds and traveled 1,939 mm on average, compared with 267.5 seconds and 7,854 mm in the 2D condition. Therefore, the XR-based 3D system was more than 5x faster and required ~5x less catheter travel. The 3D mode also improved targeting precision and reduced performance variability. Participants consistently rated immersive visualization higher for accuracy, speed, usability, and clinical value. Kinematic analysis showed smoother depth-axis navigation in 3D, whereas 2D users relied on repeated corrective movements. These findings demonstrate that XR-based visualization can substantially improve procedural training efficiency, precision, and motor control.
