AI 中文总结
本文综述量子单向函数及相关量子态原语，讨论其概念关系与安全假设，关注物理可实现性等问题，为密钥分发外实用量子密码原语发展指明方向。
AI 中文摘要
密钥分发之外的量子密码原语仍是研究中较不被充分理解的领域。在经典密码学中，单向函数是几乎所有标准密码协议的基础，这推动了对有意义的量子类似物的探索，以及对可强制实现单向性的物理和计算机制的清晰理解。本文综述了量子单向函数及一系列密切相关的量子态原语，包括单向态生成器、伪随机量子态和高效不可区分的态对。我们讨论了量子单向性的计算和信息论概念，强调了这些构造所基于的不同对抗模型和安全假设。我们对各种已提出的原语进行了比较和对照，阐明了它们的概念关系，特别关注物理可实现性、实验可行性和抗噪声性问题。最后，我们概述了密钥分发之外实用量子密码原语开发的开放问题和未来方向，以及更广泛的量子密码生态系统的形成。
英文摘要
Quantum cryptographic primitives beyond key distribution remain a less well understood area of research. In classical cryptography, one-way functions underpin nearly all standard cryptographic protocols, motivating the search for meaningful quantum analogues and for a clear understanding of the physical and computational mechanisms that could enforce one-wayness. In this article, we review quantum one-way functions and a range of closely related quantum-state primitives, including one-way state generators, pseudorandom quantum states, and efficiently indistinguishable pairs of states. We discuss both computational and information-theoretic notions of quantum one-wayness, emphasizing the different adversarial models and security assumptions that underlie these constructions. We compare and contrast the various proposed primitives, and clarify their conceptual relationships. Particular emphasis is placed on questions of physical realizability, experimental feasibility, and robustness to noise. Finally, we outline open problems and future directions toward the development of practical quantum cryptographic primitives beyond key distribution, and the emergence of a broader quantum-cryptographic ecosystem.
CommentsTopical Review
Journal refNew J. Phys. (2026)
