发表机构
Institut Pasteur; Collège de France; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); University of Oxford; Aarhus University（巴斯德研究所; 法兰西公学院; 庞培法布拉大学; 加泰罗尼亚研究与高等研究院（ICREA）; 牛津大学; 奥胡斯大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文探讨生命科学中人工智能的伦理问题，基于人类大脑的计算架构与奖赏机制，提出应构建遵循人类原则的AI，将其治理从约束转向培育，并指出所需制度与待解决问题。
AI 中文摘要
生命科学与健康研究已开始从人工智能中获益，这引发了真实但并非特殊的伦理关切。任何科学都应受基于人类大脑构造与社会化过程的价值观支配，而非受人工智能特有的因素支配。重要的是，人类大脑拥有与这些机器截然不同、成本低得多的计算架构，这通过全局神经元工作区的协调以及一种不能被描述为需最大化的量、而是持续的想要、喜欢与饱足循环的奖赏机制实现。由此产生贯穿人类伦理的深层张力：伦理判断的普适性与道德多样性之间的张力。全局工作区与情绪的脑网络具有普适性，但其内容的多样性由表观遗传对物理、社会与文化世界特定细节的适应塑造，这使每个人独一无二。不过，若我们基于这些原则而非当前难以负担的奖赏最大化模型构建机器，其治理问题将从约束转向培育。我们阐明了这一未来所需的制度，以及仍未解决的问题。
英文摘要
The life sciences and health research have started to benefit from artificial intelligence, which raises ethical concerns that are real but, we argue, not special. Any science should be governed by values that rest on how the human brain is built and socialised rather than anything distinct to artificial intelligence. Importantly, the human brain has a different, much less costly computational architecture than these machines. This is achieved through the orchestration of a global neuronal workspace, and through reward best described not as a quantity to be maximised but as a continuous cycle of wanting, liking and satiety. As such, this creates the deep tension running through the ethics of the human person, between the universality of ethical judgement and the diversity of morals. The brain networks of the global workspace and emotion are universally shared, but the diversity of content is shaped by epigenetic appropriation of the particulars of the physical, social and cultural world, which makes every person unique. Still, if we were to build machines on these principles rather than the present unaffordable reward maximisers, the question of their governance would change from restraint to upbringing. We set out the institutions such a future would require, together with the questions that remain open.
