城市出行场景中安全关键型C-V2X通信内后量子数字签名的部署可行性分析
Deployment Feasibility Analysis of Post-Quantum Digital Signatures in Safety-Critical C-V2X Communication for Urban Mobility Scenario
浏览论文内容
中文总结 AI 辅助
本研究分析NIST后量子签名算法在城市安全关键型C-V2X通信的部署可行性，发现Falcon-512符合传输块约束，仅在视距业务等级A满足90%投递阈值，频谱效率为主要部署约束，为相关标准制定提供支持。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
从经典ECDSA向后量子密码（PQC）过渡，会使安全关键型C-V2X侧链路通信的认证有效载荷大幅增大。本研究确定哪些NIST后量子签名算法与当前SAE J3161部署配置文件兼容，并量化其在通信层面的影响。采用IEEE 1609.2安全消息结构、SAE J3161无线电参数，以及ECDSA P-256、Falcon-512、Dilithium-2和SPHINCS+的签名与公钥尺寸，开展了传输块可行性分析。Falcon-512是唯一符合适用传输块约束的后量子候选算法，通过全栈C-V2X PC5模式4协同仿真将其与ECDSA P-256对比。评估覆盖6种业务等级共24种场景，包含视距与非视距传播，在路侧单元接收器处评估了分组投递率（PDR）和端到端延迟。Dilithium-2和SPHINCS+超出可用传输块容量，而Falcon-512在物理层面可行。Falcon-512维持平均延迟约52ms，95百分位延迟在97-98ms范围内，但仅在视距传播的业务等级A下达到90%的分组投递阈值；ECDSA则在业务等级A至C均达到该阈值，两种算法在非视距传播下均未达到阈值。本研究提供了基于标准的跨层评估，明确了C-V2X模式4侧链路上后量子签名的算法可行性及依赖业务的部署边界，结果表明频谱效率而非密码计算时间是主要部署约束，为抗量子车载通信的有效载荷结构、资源分配、证书传输及迁移策略等标准制定提供支持。
英文摘要
The transition from the classical ECDSA to PQC creates substantially larger authentication payloads for safety-critical C-V2X sidelink communication. This study determines which NIST post-quantum signature algorithms are compatible with the current SAE J3161 deployment profile and quantifies their communication-level effects. A transport-block feasibility analysis was performed using IEEE 1609.2 secured-message structures, SAE J3161 radio parameters, and the signature and public-key sizes of ECDSA P-256, Falcon-512, Dilithium-2, and SPHINCS+. Falcon-512, the only post-quantum candidate that fit the applicable transport-block constraints, was compared with ECDSA P-256 through full-stack C-V2X PC5 Mode 4 co-simulation. The evaluation covered 24 scenarios spanning six traffic levels-of-service with line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight propagation. PDR and end-to-end latency were evaluated at a roadside unit receiver. Dilithium-2 and SPHINCS+ exceeded the available transport-block capacity, whereas Falcon-512 remained physically feasible. Falcon-512 maintained mean latency near 52 ms and 95th-percentile latency within 97-98 ms, but met the 90% packet-delivery threshold only at traffic level-of-service A, under line-of-sight propagation. ECDSA met the threshold through traffic level-of-service C. Neither algorithm met the threshold under non-line-of-sight propagation. The study provides a standards-grounded cross-layer evaluation that identifies both algorithm feasibility and traffic-dependent deployment boundaries for post-quantum signatures on C-V2X Mode 4 sidelink. The results show that spectrum efficiency, rather than cryptographic computation time, is the primary deployment constraint. They support standards development concerning payload structure, resource allocation, certificate transmission, and migration strategies for quantum-resistant vehicular communication.
