中性原子量子计算：原理、路线、进展与挑战
Neutral Atom Quantum Computing: Principles, Routes, Progress, and Challenges
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文系统综述中性原子量子计算的原理、主流技术路线与2000至2026年的国内外进展，分析其核心瓶颈，为该领域研究与技术发展提供系统性参考。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
中性原子量子计算利用激光俘获的中性原子作为量子比特，通过里德伯态相互作用实现量子逻辑门操作，近年来已成为量子计算硬件领域最具活力的方向之一。本文系统综述了中性原子量子计算机的工作原理，包括量子比特编码、原子俘获与操控、里德伯态与相互作用、里德伯阻塞量子门机制以及可重构架构下的原子重排。调研了以光镊阵列结合里德伯相互作用、光晶格方案和偶极阱阵列为主流的技术路线，全景式梳理了从2000年理论基础到2026年最新成果的国内外研究进展，涵盖千量子比特规模系统、逻辑量子比特及量子纠错实验，重点突出了6100原子量子比特阵列、3000量子比特系统的连续运行、Kitaev蜂窝模型的量子模拟、环面码纠错演示、编码率超过1/2及容错架构等关键突破。深入分析了核心瓶颈，包括可扩展性与保真度的权衡、量子纠错的工程实现、原子损耗与电路中途补充、激光系统工业化、控制电子学可扩展性及长距离量子互联。本文旨在为该领域的学术研究和技术发展提供系统性参考。
英文摘要
Neutral atom quantum computing utilizes laser-trapped neutral atoms as qubits and realizes quantum logic gate operations through Rydberg-state interactions. In recent years, it has become one of the most vibrant directions in quantum computing hardware. This paper systematically reviews the working principles of neutral-atom quantum computers, including qubit encoding, atom trapping and manipulation, Rydberg states and interactions, the Rydberg blockade quantum gate mechanism, and atom rearrangement with reconfigurable architectures. The mainstream technical routes are surveyed, represented by optical tweezer arrays combined with Rydberg interactions, optical lattice schemes, and dipole trap arrays. A panoramic review is provided of domestic and international research progress from theoretical foundations in 2000 to the latest achievements in 2026, including thousand-qubit-scale systems, logical qubits, and quantum error correction experiments. Key breakthroughs are highlighted, such as the 6100-atom qubit array, continuous operation of a 3000-qubit system, quantum simulation of the Kitaev honeycomb model, toric code error correction demonstrations, encoding rates exceeding 1/2, and fault-tolerant architectures. The core bottlenecks are analyzed in depth, including the scalability--fidelity trade-off, engineering implementation of quantum error correction, atom loss and mid-circuit replenishment, laser system industrialization, control electronics scalability, and long-distance quantum interconnection. This paper aims to provide a systematic reference for academic research and technological development in this field.
