LiverPlan：用于解剖性肝手术规划的阶段自适应沉浸式视觉分析框架
LiverPlan: A Stage-Adaptive Immersive Visual Analytics Framework for Anatomical Liver Surgical Planning
AI总结：
本研究提出LiverPlan阶段自适应沉浸式视觉分析框架，解决现有2D桌面肝手术规划工具的三大局限，经8名外科医生的对照研究，该框架可显著提升规划效率、降低认知负担并优化安全标准的主动优化。
AI中文摘要：
解剖性肝切除术（ALR）是肝癌最重要的治疗方式，但术前规划需在相互冲突的安全约束下开展复杂的多阶段临床推理。当前的2D桌面工具难以支撑这一过程，存在三个核心局限：一是依赖整体式界面，无法适配各规划阶段不同的认知需求；二是受限于有限的解剖空间表示及缺失的平面-血管相交可视化，存在感知瓶颈；三是关键安全标准分散在不同视图中显示，导致注意力瓶颈。我们提出LiverPlan，这是一种用于ALR规划的阶段自适应沉浸式视觉分析框架，基于与两名肝胆外科专家8个月的合作研发。LiverPlan将手术规划过程分解为三个连续但认知需求不同的阶段，通过定制技术外化各阶段的认知需求：（1）用于解剖结构探索的保上下文聚焦与保色调渲染；（2）直接的3D切除平面操作，结合规划优化过程中对关键安全标准的实时嵌入式视觉反馈；（3）用于手术准备预判的明确平面-血管相交可视化。我们开展了一项包含8名肝胆外科医生的被试内研究，与桌面基线工具相比，该框架在受控规划任务中，在任务完成时间、感知认知负荷及系统可用性方面均产生了大效应量的提升。此外，研究还揭示了更广泛的见解：LiverPlan可降低认知负担，促使外科医生从仅满足安全标准转向主动优化安全标准，表明空间关系的明确可视化降低了复杂手术规划的认知门槛。
英文摘要：
Anatomical liver resection (ALR) surgery is the most important treatment for liver cancer, yet preoperative planning demands complex, multi-stage clinical reasoning under competing safety constraints. Current 2D desktop tools are not well equipped to support this process, exhibiting three fundamental limitations: reliance on monolithic interfaces that fail to adapt to the distinct cognitive demands of each planning stage; a perceptual bottleneck caused by limited anatomical spatial representation and missing plane-vessel intersection visualization; and an attention bottleneck stemming from fragmented critical safety criteria display across separate views. We present LiverPlan, a stage-adaptive immersive visual analytics framework for ALR planning, grounded in an 8-month collaboration with two expert hepatobiliary surgeons. Decomposing the surgical planning process into three sequential yet cognitively distinct stages, LiverPlan externalizes the cognitive demand of each stage via tailored techniques: (1) context-preserving focus and hue-preserving rendering for anatomical discovery; (2) direct 3D resection plane manipulation coupled with real-time, embedded visual feedback on critical safety criteria during plan refinement; and (3) explicit plane-vessel intersection visualization for anticipatory surgery preparation. A within-subjects study with eight hepatobiliary surgeons against a desktop baseline shows large-effect-size improvements in task completion time, perceived cognitive workload, and system usability on controlled planning tasks. Moreover, our study reveals broader insights: LiverPlan reduces cognitive burden and encourages a shift in surgeons from merely satisfying safety criteria to actively optimizing them, suggesting that explicit visualization of spatial relationships lowers the cognitive barrier to complex surgical planning.
