AI 中文总结
研究针对谱线巡天中分子泡识别难题，提出BWFields框架，可自动从谱线数据立方体识别分析分子泡，应用于G17区域MWISP观测，为恒星反馈研究提供可扩展框架。
AI 中文摘要
分子泡被广泛用作恒星反馈的示踪剂；然而，在谱线巡天中识别它们仍具挑战性，因为必须在位置-位置-速度（PPV）空间中一致地评估空腔形态和运动学结构。我们提出了Bubble-Weight Fields（BWFields）框架，这是一种基于PPV的方法，首次实现了直接从谱线数据立方体自动且客观地识别和分析封闭分子泡。BWFields构建了一个泡权重场$W_{l,b,v}$，它通过聚合多个信噪比层级和速度积分尺度上的拓扑特征，编码空腔内部的累积证据。连续的空腔内部被分割为权重团块，并与周围的分子气体相关联，将候选泡与其宿主云的结构联系起来。壳形态使用径向强度分布和发射定义的强度骨架来表征，这些骨架捕获了由观测发射追踪的壳几何结构。泡的运动学使用方位采样的位置-速度（PV）诊断，以及湍流归一化的膨胀显著性来量化，后者是类膨胀速度组织的直接量度。将BWFields应用于G17区域的MWISP $^{13}$CO观测，它识别出复杂环境中具有广泛形态和速度结构的一组候选泡。BWFields为大型巡天中的分子泡研究建立了可扩展且物理解释性强的框架，使得能够对银河系星际介质中的恒星反馈进行系统研究。
英文摘要
Molecular bubbles are widely used as tracers of stellar feedback; yet, their identification in spectral-line surveys remains challenging because both cavity morphology and kinematic structure must be assessed consistently in position--position--velocity (PPV) space. We present the Bubble-Weight Fields (BWFields) framework, a PPV-based method that for the first time enables the automated and objective identification and analysis of enclosed molecular bubbles directly from spectral-line data cubes. BWFields constructs a bubble-weight field, $W_{l,b,v}$, which encodes cumulative evidence for cavity interiors by aggregating topological signatures across multiple signal-to-noise tiers and velocity-integration scales. Contiguous cavity interiors are segmented as weight-clumps and associated with surrounding molecular gas, linking candidate bubbles to the structure of their host clouds. Shell morphology is characterized using radial intensity profiles and emission-defined intensity skeletons, which capture the shell geometry as traced by the observed emission. Bubble kinematics are quantified using azimuthally sampled position-velocity (PV) diagnostics, along with a turbulence-normalized expansion significance, which serves as a direct measure of the expansion-like velocity organisation. Applied to MWISP $^{13}$CO observations of the G17 region, BWFields identifies a population of bubble candidates with a broad range of morphologies and velocity structures in complex environments. BWFields establishes a scalable and physically interpretable framework for molecular-bubble studies in large surveys, enabling systematic investigations of stellar feedback in the Galactic interstellar medium.
Comments23 pages, 15 figures. Published in The Astronomical Journal, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ae899a
Journal refThe Astronomical Journal, 172, 131 (2026)
