AI 中文总结
该研究针对量子热力学中热与功识别模糊的问题，基于局域操作与经典通信（LOCC）的优化条件，提出将量子能量隐形传态（QET）可提取的优化能量归为功、未优化的不可控能量归为热的方案，还推导了广义克劳修斯不等式并通过类Kitaev模型验证。
AI 中文摘要
如何识别热与功是现代量子热力学中的一个基本问题。通常，在量子系统的时间演化过程中，热和功分别归因于密度矩阵和哈密顿量的变化，但近来人们认识到这种识别是模糊的，且涉及量子测量的量子热力学仍在发展中。受这些研究的推动，我们考虑一个量子多体系统，根据量子能量隐形传态（QET）协议，通过局域操作与经典通信（LOCC）从中提取能量。明确识别热与功的核心思想基于对LOCC优化条件的深刻洞察：当LOCC优化时，QET可提取的能量成为恶魔ergotropy（功的一种形式），因此可将其归为功；当LOCC未优化时，我们未通过幺正操作耗尽所有能量，意味着系统中存在未被控制的能量，经仔细处理多体相互作用后，这部分未被控制的能量可归为热。热项包含因远程参与者间通信产生的非局域关联，且子系统参与者无法直接观测该关联，这与热作为未被控制能量的传统观点一致。为深入理解热的本质，我们在有效量子热力学中推导了两种广义克劳修斯不等式，并讨论了不等式的方向；为验证我们的观点，我们研究了一维类Kitaev模型，探讨了该热力学中有效温度的物理意义。
英文摘要
How we identify heat and work is a fundamental question in modern quantum thermodynamics. Usually, heat and work are attributed to changes in the density matrix and the Hamiltonian, respectively, during time-evolution processes in quantum systems. Recently, it has been recognized that this identification is ambiguous. Furthermore, quantum thermodynamics involving quantum measurement is still under development. Motivated by these on-going works, we consider a quantum many-body system from which we extract energy by local operations and classical communication (LOCC) according to the quantum energy teleportation (QET) protocol. The central idea to define heat and work unambiguously is based on a sharp insight into the optimization condition of LOCC. When LOCC is optimized, the extractable energy by QET becomes a daemonic ergotropy; thus, it can be attributed as work. On the other hand, when LOCC is not optimized, we have not squeezed out all the energy with the unitary operation. It means there is uncontrollable energy left in the system. The uncontrollable energy can be attributed as heat after careful treatment of many-body interactions. The heat term consists of nonlocal correlation due to communication between remote participants, and the correlation cannot be directly observed for the participant in the subsystem. Thus, this feature is consistent with the traditional perspective of heat as an uncontrollable energy. To deeply understand the nature of heat, we derive two types of generalized Clausius inequality in our effective quantum thermodynamics, and discuss the direction of the inequality. To justify our perspective, we examine a one-dimensional Kitaev-like model and discuss the physical meaning of effective temperature in our thermodynamics.
Comments10 pages, 2 figures
