重新审视大规模超导量子系统的热可扩展性
Revisiting Thermal Scalability for Large-Scale Superconducting Quantum Systems
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本研究针对大规模超导量子系统的热可扩展性瓶颈，改进热估算模型并分析热源，探索技术方案以提升可扩展性，为实现单制冷机1万量子比特系统提供路径。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
读出放大链是大规模超导量子系统中热可扩展性的关键瓶颈，其通过三种机制产生：放大器耗散、偏置布线的被动传导以及该布线内的焦耳热。这几项在若干先前的系统级热可扩展性模型中缺失或仅部分体现，导致瓶颈误判与可扩展性高估。本研究改进了先前的系统级热估算模型，充分考虑现代低温量子系统中的主要热源，包括读出放大器模块的主动耗散、被动传导和焦耳热。分析表明，与放大器相关的热量成为主导热瓶颈，从根本上改变了现代大规模低温系统的热格局。研究探索了各种技术方案及其权衡，以确定可降低该关键热负载并提升可扩展性的配置，最终评估了包括更大制冷平台和光学方法在内的前瞻性系统配置，分析了实现单制冷机1万量子比特低温系统的前瞻性路径。
英文摘要
The readout amplification chain imposes a critical thermal scalability bottleneck in large-scale superconducting quantum systems. This happens through three mechanisms: amplifier dissipation, passive conduction through bias wiring and Joule heating within that same wiring. These terms are absent or only partially represented in several prior system-level thermal-scalability models, leading to bottleneck misidentification and scalability overestimation. In this work, we improve upon previous system-level heat estimation models by fully accounting for the major heat sources in modern cryogenic quantum systems including the active dissipation, passive conduction, and Joule heating in the readout amplifier module. Our analysis demonstrates that amplifier-associated heat emerges as the dominant thermal bottleneck that fundamentally alters the thermal landscape of modern large-scale cryogenic systems. We explore various technology options and their tradeoffs to identify configurations that reduce this critical heat load and improve scalability. Finally, we evaluate forward-looking system configurations, including larger refrigeration platforms and optical approaches, and analyze forward-looking pathways toward single-fridge 10k-qubit cryogenic systems.
