AI 中文总结
通过数值模拟研究光致电离巨分子云中II型超新星的反馈，发现喷流速度和总能量与云孔隙度无关，但质量迁移受通道参数影响，分子云结构对恒星反馈亚网格建模至关重要。
AI 中文摘要
我们提出了一套新的数值模拟，研究II型超新星（SNe）在受光致电离反馈塑造的多种密度结构的巨分子云中爆发的情况。电离辐射会雕刻出空洞和通道，引导超新星能量以激波驱动的喷流形式从云团中逸出，而非星系或宇宙学模拟中采用的大多数亚网格超新星模型所假设的连贯球形膨胀壳。我们研究了这类喷流与一维描述的差异，以及喷流诱导的扰动是否对宿主云团的结构敏感。引入通道参数$P_\text{chnl}$，利用电离通道的形态来表征云团的孔隙度和束缚性。我们的结果显示，喷流速度虽始终高于球形爆炸的速度，但实际上与其局部环境的孔隙度无关；所有模拟中沉积的总动能和动量也表现相似。对$P_\text{chnl}$最敏感的是喷流携带的物质质量及其迁移距离。这意味着，在具有独特通道结构的致密云中爆发的超新星，可能具有更受限的金属注入半径和缩短的湍流驱动尺度，从而导致星际介质更团块化，密度和金属丰度波动更高。我们认为，在恒星反馈的亚网格建模中，分子云结构与超新星率和能量预算同等重要。
英文摘要
We present a new suite of numerical simulations of Type II supernovae (SNe) detonating in Giant Molecular Clouds with a variety of density structures shaped by photoionization feedback. Ionizing radiation sculpts cavities and channels that guide SN energy to emerge from the cloud as shock-driven blowouts, rather than as a coherent spherically expanding shell as assumed in most sub-grid SN models adopted in galaxy or cosmological simulations. We investigate how such outflows differ to the 1-D descriptions, and whether or not the perturbations induced by the blowouts are sensitive to the host cloud's structure. A channelling parameter $P_\mathrm{chnl}$ is introduced to characterise the cloud's porosity and boundness using the morphology of the ionized channels. Our results reveal that the outflow velocities, whilst consistently higher than that of the spherical blasts, are in fact rather independent of the porosity of its local environment. The total kinetic energy and momentum deposited also appear similar across all runs. What is most sensitive to $P_\mathrm{chnl}$ is the mass of the materials carried in the outflows and their migration distances. It implies that SNe exploding in compact clouds with distinctive channel structures may have more confined metal injection radii and shortened turbulent driving scales, which consequently lead to a clumpier interstellar medium with higher density and metallicity fluctuations. We argue that molecular cloud structures play an equally important role to SN rates and energy budgets in stellar feedback sub-grid modelling.
Comments24 pages, 28 figures
