AI 中文总结
本文综述高分辨率光谱学（HRS）在系外行星大气研究中的应用进展，介绍其技术优势、已识别的大气成分及温度、动力学约束能力，探讨当前及未来高分辨率设备对该领域认知的重塑作用。
AI 中文摘要
高分辨率光谱学（HRS）通常工作在分辨率R≥25000的条件下，已发展成为表征系外行星大气的核心技术之一。HRS能够分辨分子带的单个振转谱线，结合近距行星轨道运动时产生的大幅多普勒频移，可将行星信号与准静止的地球大气及恒星污染分离开来。自首次在HD 209458b的透射光谱中探测到一氧化碳以来，HRS已在各类凌日、非凌日及直接成像的系外行星中识别出十多种化学物种，包括H₂O、CH₄、HCN、TiO、VO、Na、K、Li、H-α、He I、Mg、Ca、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Ti。除了化学丰度，HRS还可通过谱线深度的压强依赖性约束大气的垂直温度结构，并通过行星互相关函数上的多普勒频移与不对称性揭示大气动力学。本综述综合了过去十五年的观测与方法学进展，重点阐述当前及未来的高分辨率设备——HARPS、ESPRESSO、NIRPS、CARMENES、CRIRES+、SPIRou、GIANO，以及最终的极大望远镜上的ANDES、METIS和HARMONI仪器如何重塑我们对系外行星大气的实证认知。
英文摘要
High-resolution spectroscopy, typically operating at resolving powers R greater or equal to 25,000, has matured into one of the primary techniques for characterising the atmospheres of extrasolar planets. The ability of HRS to resolve individual rotational-vibrational lines of molecular bands, combined with the large Doppler shifts experienced by close-in planets during their orbits, allows planetary signals to be separated from quasi-stationary telluric and stellar contamination. Since the pioneering detection of carbon monoxide in the transmission spectrum of HD 209458b, HRS has enabled the identification of more than a dozen chemical species, including H2O, CH4, HCN, TiO, VO, Na, K, Li, H-alpha, He I, Mg, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Ti, in a wide variety of transiting, non-transiting and directly imaged exoplanets . In addition to chemical abundances, HRS constrains the vertical temperature structure through the pressure dependence of line depths, and reveals atmospheric dynamics through Doppler shifts and asymmetries imprinted on the planetary cross-correlation function. This review synthesises observational and methodological progress from the past fifteen years with a focus on how current and forthcoming high-resolution facilities HARPS, ESPRESSO, NIRPS, CARMENES, CRIRES+, SPIRou, GIANO, and ultimately the ANDES, METIS and HARMONI instruments on the Extremely Large Telescope are reshaping our empirical view of exoplanet atmospheres.
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