适用于大规模相控阵的抗驻波比毫米波与厘米波功率放大器
VSWR-Resilient Mm-Wave and Cm-Wave PAs for Large-Scale Phased Arrays
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中文总结 AI 辅助
本文针对大规模相控阵中天线与功率放大器的VSWR失配问题，综述了抗VSWR的毫米波与厘米波集成PA技术，提出SOLM设计思路，分析了相关挑战与机遇。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
大规模毫米波与厘米波相控阵已成为无线通信和感知系统的核心，包括地面5G/6G链路与基站、非地面网络（NTNs）、卫星通信（SATCOM）、雷达及中继应用。在密集阵列中，功率放大器（PAs）与天线阵列相互作用：阵列辐射取决于PA输出信号的幅度/相位，而每个PA所承受的负载阻抗随频率、扫描角和单元位置变化。这种由电压驻波比（VSWR）变化描述的有源天线阻抗，主要源于天线单元间的互耦，并受封装/互连寄生参数影响。每个PA可能偏离其最优大信号工作状态，导致输出功率、功率增益、功率附加效率、AM-AM/AM-PM及可靠性裕度下降。这些变化还会进一步影响阵列有效全向辐射功率（EIRP）一致性、误差向量幅度（EVM）余量、链路预算、热密度及波束成形校准，使宽带、宽扫描角阵列的PA设计变得复杂。本综述介绍天线VSWR的起源及天线-PA相互作用，通过S22Γant的依赖关系，将天线反射系数Γant与PA输出匹配S22和传输功率、传输相位变化关联起来，同时讨论反向耦合激励和反向互调失真（RIMD）。这为PA设计提供了方向，即实现同时输出与负载线匹配（SOLM），在不显著损害大信号性能的情况下获得较小的输出反射系数|S22|。本综述还回顾了近期毫米波与厘米波抗VSWR集成PA技术及相关演示，最后探讨了紧凑、负载不敏感、高能效、高功率密度及校准可扩展的集成PA所面临的挑战与机遇。
英文摘要
Large-scale mm-Wave and cm-Wave phased arrays have become central to wireless communication and sensing systems, including terrestrial 5G/6G links and base stations, non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), satellite communication (SATCOM), radar, and relay applications. In dense arrays, power amplifiers (PAs) and antenna array interact with each other: array radiation depends on the amplitude/phase of PA output signals, while the load impedance experienced by each PA varies with frequency, scan angle, and element position. This active antenna impedance, described as voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) variation, arises mainly from antenna inter-element mutual coupling and is shaped by package/interconnect parasitics. Each PA can deviate from its optimum large-signal operating condition, degrading output power, power gain, power-added efficiency, AM-AM/AM-PM, and reliability margin. These variations further affect array EIRP consistency, EVM headroom, link budget, thermal density, and beamforming calibration, complicating PA design for wideband, wide-scan-angle arrays. This review introduces the origins of antenna VSWR and antenna-PA interactions connecting the antenna reflection coefficient $Γ_{\mathrm{ant}}$ and PA output matching $S_{22}$ to delivered-power and transmitted-phase variation through the $S_{22}Γ_{\mathrm{ant}}$ dependence. Reverse-coupled excitation and reverse intermodulation distortion (RIMD) are discussed. This motivates PA designs that achieve simultaneous output and loadline matching (SOLM), enabling a small output reflection coefficient $|S_{22}|$ without significantly compromising large-signal performance. Recent mm-Wave and cm-Wave VSWR-resilient integrated PA techniques and demonstrations are reviewed. Finally, challenges and opportunities for compact, load-insensitive, energy-efficient, high-power-density, and calibration-scalable integrated PAs are discussed.
