AI 中文总结
该研究概述强子谱学，指出其通过绘制强子态谱助力理解QCD，近年发现传统夸克模型无法解释的奇特强子，未来将作为探测物质深层的重要工具。
AI 中文摘要
核物理与粒子物理中最引人入胜的现象之一，是无质量胶子和几乎无质量夸克形成轻强子——即强相互作用粒子。这类粒子因复杂的夸克-胶子结构呈现出丰富的激发谱，强子内部不断产生并湮灭短寿命的虚夸克-反夸克对。每个物理学生可能都知道质子由三个夸克组成，但该说法具有误导性：例如，质子仅从外部表现出夸克比反夸克的恒定过量，且这三个夸克甚至没有明确定义。理解强子远不止用重子的三个夸克、介子的夸克-反夸克对来解释其性质。正如原子谱学通过离散能级揭示原子结构，强子谱学旨在绘制强子态谱图，并利用该信息更好地理解强相互作用的基础理论——量子色动力学（Quantum Chromodynamics, QCD）。过去几十年，强子谱学进入令人兴奋的新时代，发现了许多无法完美纳入普通重子和介子的传统夸克模型分类的奇特强子，其中许多发现来自重味领域。随着实验技术和计算方法的持续进步，强子谱学仍将是探测物质最深层、理解宇宙基本结构的重要工具。
英文摘要
One of the most fascinating phenomena in nuclear and particle physics is the formation of light hadrons -- strongly interacting particles -- out of massless gluons and almost massless quarks. These particles exhibit rich excitation spectra due to their complex quark-gluon structures. Short-lived pairs of virtual quarks and antiquarks are continually formed and annihilated inside hadrons. Every physics student probably knows that the proton consists of three quarks. This statement is misleading, though. For example, the proton only shows a constant excess of three quarks versus antiquarks from the outside, and these three quarks are not even well defined. Understanding hadrons goes well beyond explaining their properties in terms of three quarks for baryons and a quark-antiquark pair for mesons. Much like atomic spectroscopy revealed the structure of atoms through discrete energy levels, hadron spectroscopy seeks the mapping of the spectrum of hadronic states and to use that information to better understand the underlying theory of the strong force -- Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Over the past few decades, hadron spectroscopy has entered an exciting new era with the discovery of many exotic hadrons that do not fit neatly into the traditional quark model classification of ordinary baryons and mesons. Many of the discoveries come from the heavy-flavor sector. As experimental techniques and computational methods continue to advance, hadron spectroscopy will remain a vital tool for probing the deepest layers of matter and understanding the fundamental structure of the universe.
CommentsSubmission to Encyclopedia of Nuclear Physics (Elsevier): 24 pages, 7 figures
