AI 中文总结
本文提出量子模拟框架，将SPAD建模为三能级量子系统、光子建模为量子系统，模拟空间辐射环境中SPAD的特性，其结果优于传统TCAD半经典模拟。
AI 中文摘要
单光子雪崩二极管（SPAD）是新兴量子通信网络中用于探测单光子的关键组件，被部署在卫星中用于长距离通信，易受空间中辐射诱导的位移损伤影响。这会降低SPAD的性能参数，包括探测效率下降、热暗计数增加、硅晶体受损以及后脉冲率升高。本文引入量子模拟框架对空间辐射环境中的SPAD进行模拟，将SPAD探测器建模为包含基态（|g⟩）、激发态（|e⟩）和陷阱态（|t⟩）的三能级量子系统；同时采用二次量子化和福克空间截断将光子建模为量子系统，利用杰恩斯-卡明斯（Jaynes-Cummings）模型模拟光子-SPAD闭合系统的相互作用，通过林德布拉德（Lindblad）主方程和Qiskit的基于门的噪声通道描述开放系统的动力学。通过SPAD的量子模拟可得到探测效率、时间抖动、热暗计数、后脉冲及辐射效应等关键特性，该方法与传统依赖半经典近似的TCAD模拟显著不同，后者无法捕捉单光子相互作用的离散量子统计特性和陷阱态动力学。
英文摘要
Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are critical components of emerging quantum communication networks that detect single photons. They are placed in satellites for long-distance communication and are susceptible to radiation-induced displacement damage in space. This degrades SPAD performance parameters, including reduced efficiency, increased thermal dark counts, damage to the Si crystal, and increased afterpulsing rate. This paper simulates SPAD in a space radiation environment by introducing a quantum simulation framework, modeling the SPAD detector as a three-level quantum system, ground state ($|g\rangle$), excited state ($|e\rangle$) and a trap state ($|t\rangle$). Furthermore, to model the photon as a quantum system, second quantization and Fock-space truncation are used. The interaction between the photon-SPAD closed system is simulated using the Jaynes-Cummings model, and the open-system dynamics is governed by the Lindblad master equation and Qiskit's gate-based noise channels. The key characteristics, such as the efficiency, timing jitter, thermal dark counts, and afterpulsing \& radiation effects, are obtained using quantum simulation of SPAD. This approach differs significantly from conventional TCAD simulations, which rely on semiclassical approximations that do not capture the discrete quantum statistics of single-photon interactions and the dynamics of trap states.
Comments25 pages, 13 figures
