发表机构
University College London; University of Kentucky; Technical University of Crete; Ephorate of Antiquities of Pieria; University of Glasgow; Diamond Light Source（伦敦大学学院; 肯塔基大学; 克里特理工大学; 彼里亚考古局; 格拉斯哥大学; 钻石光源）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文针对古代金属盐痕量元素空间分布研究的不足，提出整合空间分辨XRF、XRD和纳米级X射线成像的多模态方法，实现了痕量元素与矿物相的可靠匹配，可用于追踪文物化学组成变化。
AI 中文摘要
常规X射线荧光（XRF）和X射线衍射（XRD）分析用于研究古代用作颜料和/或药物的金属盐时，会得到两个独立数据集的整体平均组成；但除主要元素外，这两组数据无法说明彼此的空间分布关系。为解决该问题，本文提出一种多模态方法，整合空间分辨XRF、XRD和纳米级X射线成像，应用于分析考古样本和实验合成碳酸铅（PbCO₃，希腊语称psimythion）样本；psimythion在古代被用作化妆品和/或外用药物。实验样本是依据公元前4世纪有据可查的配方制备的。本文证明，通过该多模态方法可可靠地将痕量元素分配给单个晶体或推断非晶相的存在。尽管现在能将元素分配到某一相（即位置），但背后的起源（即机制）并不总是清晰。痕量元素不“控制”化学/矿物组成，但可对其产生影响。该方法特别适合追踪文物从制造、使用、埋藏到发掘和保护的化学/矿物组成变化。
英文摘要
Conventional X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis applied to the investigation of ancient metal salts used as pigments and/or therapeutics provide bulk average compositions in two stand-alone data sets; however, major elements aside, these two sets cannot inform on the spatial distribution of one with respect to the other. To address this issue, we present here a multimodal approach incorporating spatially resolved XRF, XRD and nanoscale X-ray imaging applied to the analysis of archaeological and experimental samples of synthetic lead carbonate (PbCO3 - Greek psimythion); psimythion was used in antiquity as a cosmetic and/or a therapeutic for external applications. The experimental sample was produced according to a well-documented recipe dated to the 4th century BCE. In this paper we demonstrate that by using a multimodal approach we can confidently assign trace elements to individual crystalline or to infer the existence of non-crystalline phases. Although the assignment of an element to a phase (i.e. the location) is now possible, the origin underlying it (i.e. the mechanism) is not always clear. Trace elements do not 'control' chemical/mineralogical composition, but they can influence it. Our approach is particularly suited to following changes in the artefact's chemical/mineralogical profile, from its manufacture, to use and burial, to excavation and conservation.
