AI 中文总结
研究COLIBRE模拟中星系尘埃标度关系在宇宙时间（\(0 \le z \le 15\)）的演化，通过自洽追踪尘埃过程，利用不同质量分辨率预测相关关系，发现其受分辨率和气相选择影响，凸显模型能力与限制，为完善星际介质物理提供见解。
AI 中文摘要
我们展示了COLIBRE宇宙学模拟中星系在宇宙时间（\(0 \le z \le 15\)）内的尘埃标度关系。COLIBRE能自洽地追踪多相星际介质中尘埃的产生、生长、破坏及粒径演化。利用三个质量分辨率（\(10^{5}-10^7\) M\(_{\odot}\)）下高达\((400\, {\rm cMpc})^3\)的体积，预测了尘埃质量函数、宇宙尘埃质量密度及关键尘埃标度关系。该模型大致再现了大部分观测关系，最高分辨率下匹配度最佳。研究发现各时期硅酸盐主导尘埃质量（\(\gtrsim 70\%\)），早期大颗粒主导，到\(z = 0\)时其质量分数下降与小颗粒相当。\(z < 1\)时，模拟尘埃质量函数与观测吻合，但宇宙尘埃质量密度系统性高约\(\lesssim 0.3\) dex，高红移时与观测一致。此外，模拟低估了\(z \ge 2\)时明亮亚毫米星系的极端尘埃质量。还表明标度关系仅在低红移、低质量区域对数值分辨率敏感，其归一化受气相选择影响。这些发现凸显了宇宙尘埃模型的预测能力和分辨率相关限制，为完善星际介质物理提供了重要见解。
英文摘要
We present dust scaling relations across cosmic time ($0 \le z \le 15$) for galaxies in the COLIBRE cosmological simulations. COLIBRE self-consistently tracks dust production, growth, destruction, and grain size evolution within a multiphase interstellar medium. Using volumes up to $(400\, {\rm cMpc})^3$ at three mass resolutions ($10^{5}-10^7$ M$_{\odot}$), we predict the dust mass function, cosmic dust mass density, and key dust scaling relations (dust-to-gas ratio, dust-to-metal ratio, grain species fractions, and grain sizes) as functions of galaxy metallicity, stellar mass, and dust mass. The model broadly reproduces most observed relations across cosmic time, matching closest at the highest resolution. We find that silicates dominate the dust mass ($\gtrsim 70\%$) at all epochs, and while large grains dominate in the early Universe ($z \ge 5$), their mass fraction declines to become comparable to small grains by $z=0$. At $z < 1$, the simulated dust mass functions align well with observations, but the cosmic dust mass density is systematically high by $\lesssim 0.3$ dex, while in agreement with observations at higher redshifts. Additionally, the simulations underpredict the extreme dust masses of bright sub-millimeter galaxies at $z \ge 2$. We demonstrate that scaling relations are sensitive to numerical resolution only in the low-redshift, low-mass regime; while their normalisation is influenced by gas-phase selection. These findings highlight both the predictive power and resolution-dependent limits of cosmological dust models, providing essential insights to refine ISM physics.
Comments24 pages and 13 figures in main text. Submitted to MNRAS. COLIBRE simulation project website: https://colibre.strw.leidenuniv.nl
