乐观可验证声明：一种用于去中心化制造中条件保密投标的区块链协议
Optimistic Verifiable Claims: A Blockchain Protocol for Conditionally Confidential Bidding in Decentralized Manufacturing
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中文总结 AI 辅助
去中心化制造中供应商与消费者面临合同前僵局，本文提出区块链协议OVC，通过实现四项检查，在不同链上测试其对3DBenchy文件的成本和时间，结果表明在仲裁链和opBNB上基于声明的保密投标经济可行，以太坊上工业规模下不可行。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
去中心化制造面临合同前的僵局：供应商在不检查设计文件的情况下无法准确定价服务，而消费者在不暴露知识产权的情况下无法共享该文件。我们引入了乐观可验证声明（OVC），这是一种区块链协议，它允许消费者发布关于隐藏设计（如所消耗材料）的可验证声明，供应商可以在不查看设计的情况下对其定价和投标。声明在服务发布时提交，除非被选中的供应商提出质疑，否则声明有效；质疑会触发确定性的链上检查以揭露任何不诚实行为，并且设计仅在解决争议时才会披露，而不会在正常流程中披露。我们在Solidity中实现了四项检查（授权密钥访问、交付渠道完整性、语法一致性和声明的材料消耗），并在真实的6.41MB G代码文件3DBenchy上，在以太坊、仲裁链和opBNB上进行了测试。每项服务无论有无争议都要承担发布加密设计的成本。对于3DBenchy，无争议结果在以太坊上最多9小时花费7207美元，在仲裁链上3分钟花费288美元，在opBNB上2分钟花费2.87美元；完全有争议的争议在以太坊上最多57小时花费49660美元，在仲裁链上19分钟花费1988美元，在opBNB上13分钟花费19.73美元。成本和时间随规模增长。在仲裁链和opBNB上，OVC使基于声明的保密投标在经济上可行，但在以太坊上的工业规模下不可行。
英文摘要
Decentralized manufacturing faces a pre-contractual impasse: a Provider cannot price a service accurately without inspecting the design file, yet the Consumer cannot share that file without exposing intellectual property. We introduce the Optimistic Verifiable Claim (OVC), a blockchain protocol that lets a Consumer publish a verifiable claim about a concealed design (such as the material it consumes) and a Provider price and bid on it without seeing the design. The claim is committed when the service is posted and stands unless the selected Provider challenges it; a challenge triggers a deterministic on-chain check that exposes any dishonesty, and the design is disclosed only to settle a dispute, never on the honest path. We implement four checks (authorized key access, delivery-channel integrity, syntactic conformance, and declared material consumption) in Solidity and measure them on a real 6.41 MB G-code file, the 3DBenchy, across Ethereum, Arbitrum, and opBNB. Every service incurs the cost of posting the encrypted design, with or without a dispute. For the 3DBenchy, the no-dispute outcome costs \$7,207 in up to 9 hours on Ethereum, \$288 in 3 min on Arbitrum, and \$2.87 in 2 min on opBNB, and a fully contested dispute costs \$49,660 in up to 57 hours on Ethereum, \$1,988 in 19 min on Arbitrum, and \$19.73 in 13 min on opBNB. Costs and times grow with size: for a 50 MB industrial design, an undisputed service reaches \$56,173 and up to 3 days on Ethereum against \$22.36 and 16 min on opBNB, and a fully contested dispute reaches \$488,440 over up to 18 days on Ethereum against \$195 and 1.6 hours on opBNB. Of the four, the material-consumption check is the costliest, its predicate being the most expensive to evaluate on-chain. OVC makes confidential, claim-based bidding economically feasible on Arbitrum and opBNB, but not on Ethereum at industrial scale.
