AI 中文总结
研究以太坊、Optimism和Base上状态不变交易，发现投机性MEV是主要来源但非唯一，还有大量恶意活动。通过大规模测量，揭示此类交易占比及影响，提出减轻其影响可降资源消耗与交易成本，限制滥用。
AI 中文摘要
区块链依靠透明度和不可变性来确保信任，但这些保障是以账本不断增长为代价的，这使得存储和维护完整交易历史的成本增加，日益威胁去中心化。本文引入状态不变交易，即其包含或移除除交易费用外不影响区块链最终状态的交易，这类交易构成链上垃圾邮件。对以太坊、Optimism和Base上的状态不变交易进行首次大规模测量，发现近14亿此类交易。结果表明，投机性MEV是Optimism和Base上状态不变交易的主要来源，但不是唯一来源，且考虑状态不变交易成本后并非最盈利策略。此外，以太坊上大量恶意活动中地址中毒活动占非回滚状态不变交易的53%。研究结果表明，减轻状态不变交易可大幅降低区块链资源消耗和交易成本，同时限制网络钓鱼活动及其他区块链滥用形式。
英文摘要
Blockchains rely on transparency and immutability to ensure trust, but these guarantees come at the cost of an ever-growing ledger that increasingly threatens decentralization by making it more expensive to store and maintain the full transaction history. In this work, we introduce state-invariant transactions, defined as transactions whose inclusion or removal does not affect the resulting blockchain state beyond transaction fees. We argue that these transactions constitute a form of on-chain spam because they consume execution, bandwidth, storage, and blockspace without contributing to the final ledger state. We present the first large-scale measurement of state-invariant transactions across Ethereum, Optimism, and Base, identifying nearly 1.4 billion such transactions. While only 2.6% of Ethereum transactions are state-invariant, they account for 24% of transactions on Optimism and 37% on Base, representing a significant source of unnecessary resource consumption on Layer-2 blockchains. We show that speculative Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) is the dominant source of state-invariant transactions on Optimism and Base, accounting for 57% and 68%, respectively, but is not the only source as previously assumed. Moreover, despite its popularity, speculative MEV is not the most profitable strategy once the costs of state-invariant transactions are considered. Beyond MEV, we identify substantial malicious activity, with address poisoning campaigns accounting for 53% of non-reverted state-invariant transactions on Ethereum. Our findings suggest that mitigating state-invariant transactions could substantially reduce blockchain resource consumption and transaction costs while limiting phishing campaigns and other forms of blockchain abuse.
